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5th Grade Course Title: Social Studies Duration: Sept. & early October Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings When people do not like the conditions they live in, many opt for change even if it involves great risk. Essential Questions What motivated people to explore and settle new lands? Standards 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 5.3.5.G: Describe how groups try to influence others. 6.1.5.A: Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. 6.1.5.B: Explain ways in which people meet their basic needs and wants. 6.1.5.C: Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 7.1.5.B: Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. 7.2.5.A: Describe the characteristics of places and regions. 7.4.5.A: Describe and explain the effects of the physical systems on people within regions. 8.1.5.B: Classify and analyze fact and opinion from multiple points of view, and secondary sources as related to historical events. 8.4.5.A: Compare and contrast common characteristics of the social, political, cultural, and economic groups in world history. Content Difficulty of land route to China led to exploration. Columbus begins the rush to colonize the Americas. The Spanish were dominant in the field of early exploration. The English, French and Spanish explored North America for various reasons. Reasons for exploring: God Gold Glory Search for the Northwest Passage was a major reason for exploration of North America. Skills/Competency 1) Explain the motivation for exploring new lands. 2) Explain how technology led to the age of exploration. 3) Explain how economics led to the age of exploration. 4) Explain how religion led to the age of exploration. 5) Analyze why each immigrant group had different reasons for migrating to the American colonies. Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions Homework Monitor and assess class work May include presentations, group work. 5th Grade Course Title: Social Studies Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings When people do not like the conditions they live in, many opt for change even if it involves great risks. Essential Questions Why do people move? How do the movement of people and their ideas affect the environment of their destination? What is the lure of the New World? Standards 5.1.5.A: Understand the rule of law in protecting property rights, individual rights and the common good. 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.2.5.C: Explain why individuals become involved in leadership and public service. 5.3.5.C: Describe the role of local and state government officials. 5.3.5.E: Identify the requirements to vote in local, state, and national elections. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 6.1.5.A: Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. 6.1.5.B: Explain ways in which people meet their basic needs and wants. Demonstrate the use of human and capital resources in the production of a specific good. 6.1.5.C: Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. Content People came to North America for various reasons: Religious Political Economic Cultural Roanoke Settlement of 1587 (Lost Colony) was the first English settlement. It was unsuccessful Jamestown Settlement of 1607 Risks and Hardships – Few if any were prepared for the hard work and dangers awaiting them in the colony. The ship journey was unexpectedly difficult. While their decision to locate the colony up the James River was based on sound European thoughts on the value of rivers, they lacked specific knowledge of the Virginia geography. This led to tremendous hardships. Their lack of cooperative behavior among themselves and the native tribes endangered all members of the new community and the settlement itself. English Settlement of Plymouth (1620) – Duration: Oct., Nov. & Dec. Skills/Competency Describe the conditions in Europe that led people to migrate to North America. Describe the motivations of the first English settlers who migrated to the British colonies and justify their reasons for moving. Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions. Explain the risk factors the English faced in their migration. Homework Students will define: Immigrant/emigrant Monarchy Nobility Religious persecution Politics Economics Social Station Profit Investor Protestant Reformation Social Studies Skills (Introduction of skills for further development) Notebook organization Monitor and assess class work May include presentations, group work. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.4.5.A: Explain why people specialize in the production of goods and services and divide labor. 6.5.5.A: Describe how the availability of goods and services is made possible by the work of members of the society. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 7.1.5.B: Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. 7.2.5.A: Describe the characteristics of places and regions. 7.2.5.B: Identify the basic physical processes that affect the physical characteristics of places and regions. 7.3.5.A: Identify the human characteristics of places and regions using the following criteria: Population Culture Settlement Economic activities Political activities 7.4.5.A: Describe and explain the effects of the physical systems on people within regions. 8.3.5.B: Illustrate concepts and knowledge of historical documents, artifacts, and places critical to United States history. Due to the religious persecution of any group who did not practice their faith according to the Church of England, the Separatists (Pilgrims) were forced to leave England in order to practice their religion. Their first migration was to Holland where they found a sense of religious freedom; however life among the Dutch did not satisfy their need to raise their children in a rich English cultural tradition. They decided to venture to the New World to meet both their religious and cultural needs. Risks and Hardships – The journey presented difficulties because they were blown off course and landed in the northeast region of America instead of their intended destination of Jamestown. Due to sickness, they chose to start their new life at Plymouth without the support of an established colony. They were alone in the wilderness and confronted with a harsh climate, poor soil, and a short growing season. Even though their early relationship with the Indians helped save the colony, their differing views of nature and religion led to future conflict with the native population. Comparing and contrasting Informational Reading for Main Ideas Writing to Learn – Statements with supporting details Design charts and graphs/graphic organizers Utilization of timeline 5th Grade January Course Title: Social Studies Duration: Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings People use their environment to shape their destiny. Essential Questions How did history contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? How did geography contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? Standards 5.1.5.A: Understand the rule of law in protecting property rights, individual rights and the common good. 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.2.5.C: Explain why individuals become involved in leadership and public service. 5.3.5.B: Describe how the elected representative bodies function in making local, state, and national laws. 5.3.5.C: Describe the role of local and state government officials. 5.3.5.D: Describe the primary duties of elected local, state, and national positions. 5.3.5.E: Identify the requirements to vote in local, state, and national elections. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 5.3.5.G: Describe how groups try to influence others. 6.1.5.A: Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. Content THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESLocation: The absolute location of the New England colonies is between is between 41 and 45 degrees N. in the Western Hemisphere. The relative location can be described as follows: The New England colonies are located along the northeastern coast of the present day USA. The northern boundary of the colonies was south of present day Canada and east of the boundary of present day New York. The colonies are Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Massachusetts Bay Colony included all of present day Massachusetts and Maine. Place: Natural Characteristics – Rugged land with thin rocky soil and steep valleys produced poor farm land. Short, rapidly moving rivers made it difficult to create irrigation systems. Those same rivers, however, helped provide water power for mills and other light industry, but were not good for long distance transportation to the interior. Therefore, major seaports became the chief source of trade and Skills/Competency Identify and locate the New England colonies and describe the geographic elements that helped define the area as a region Describe the background experiences of those colonists who came to the New England region of colonial America. Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions. Describe the economic factors that affected the growth and development of the New England colonies. Homework Define: (by end of March) Navigable Climate Fertile Absolute Location Relative Location Place Irrigation Cash Crop Export/import Surplus Hemisphere Latitude/Longitude May include presentations, group work. Monitor and assess class work 6.1.5.B: Explain ways in which people meet their basic needs and wants. Demonstrate the use of human and capital resources in the production of a specific good. 6.1.5.C: Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.2.5.A: Describe how goods and services are distributed. 6.4.5.A: Explain why people specialize in the production of goods and services and divide labor. 6.5.5.A: Describe how the availability of goods and services is made possible by the work of members of the society. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 7.1.5.B: Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. 7.2.5.A: Describe the characteristics of places and regions. 7.2.5.B: Identify the basic physical processes that affect the physical characteristics of places and regions. 7.3.5.A: Identify the human characteristics of places and regions using the following criteria: Population Culture Settlement Economic activities Political activities 7.4.5.A: commerce in this region. Severe winters and short summers provided a short growing seasons. Hardwood forests filled with wildlife helped to foster the timber and fur industry. Proximity to the ocean, rivers and streams permitted the development of fishing as a major industry. English settlements in New England: Two major groups came to the New England region: The separatists and the Puritans. Each group wanted to “purify” the church of England. They each believed the English church was too Catholic. They believed that the ceremonies of the Church were not important while the sermons and scripture readings were the most important element of worship. This led them into conflict with the king and government who headed the Church of England. Separatists left England and went to Holland. There they “separated themselves” from both England and the Dutch people. They shortly found their children were influenced by Dutch culture. Also, they could not farm as they did back home in England. After 12 years they left Holland for the American colonies. Because of their religious journey or traveling they became known as Pilgrims. Originally, they set sail for Jamestown, but were blown off course and their ship, the Mayflower, traveled north along the American coast. After a long and difficult sea journey, the group of 102 Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Colony in 1620. Over the course of time the Separatists lost the Trade Coastal Plain Rivers – Source/ Mouth/Upstream/Downstr eam Valley Seaport/harbor Interior Social Studies Skills: Themes of Geography (Location and Place) Map Reading Develop Compare and Contrast skills Creation of Charts for comparison Continue the development of organization skills Provided with a blank map of North America, students will locate and label the following: (by end of March) Mississippi River Ohio River Delaware River James River Hudson River Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico The Great Lakes (Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Superior) Design a matrix comparing the three colonial regions by focusing on reason for founding, geography and climate, jobs and government. Describe and explain the effects of the physical systems on people within regions. 7.4.5.B: Identify the effect of people on the physical systems within a community. 8.3.5.C: Differentiate how continuity and change in U.S. history are formed and operate. Belief systems and religions Commerce and industry Technology Politics and government Physical and human geography Social organizations name and are generally called Puritans. As time passed, the Puritans in England became more and more persecuted by King Charles I for their radical beliefs. This tied to economic hard times was the impetus for more Puritans to leave England for America. The new colony provided a place where Puritans could worship God the way they wanted. Economic Conditions in the New England Colonies: Farming was difficult in New England due to the cold climate. The Indians taught the settlers how to grow corn and other native crops. The New England colonists were involved in the Triangular Trade both as shipbuilders and as merchants. Shipbuilding became the largest industry. The Triangular Trade included shipping agricultural to England for furniture and finished goods as well as the transporting of slaves from Africa to the New World. Fishing and whaling were also important industries. (by end of March) 5th Grade Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings People use their environment to shape their destiny. Course Title: Social Studies Duration: February Essential Questions How did history contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? How did geography contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? Standards 5.1.5.A: Understand the rule of law in protecting property rights, individual rights and the common good. 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.2.5.C: Explain why individuals become involved in leadership and public service. 5.3.5.B: Describe how the elected representative bodies function in making local, state, and national laws. 5.3.5.C: Describe the role of local and state government officials. 5.3.5.D: Describe the primary duties of elected local, state, and national positions. 5.3.5.E: Identify the requirements to vote in local, state, and national elections. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 5.3.5.G: Describe how groups try to influence others. 6.1.5.A: Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. 6.1.5.B: Explain ways in which people meet their basic needs and wants. Demonstrate the use of human and capital resources in the production of a specific good. 6.1.5.C: Content MIDDLE COLONIES Location: The absolute location of the Middle Colonies is between 39 degrees N and 45 degrees N in the Western Hemisphere. The relative location can be described as follows: The Middle Colonies are located along the eastern coast of North America. The northern boundary of the colonies were south of the Great Lakes (Ontario and Erie), east of the Appalachian Mountains, and north of the northern boundary of present day Maryland. The colonies are: Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Place: Natural Characteristics – Fertile soil, suitable for small but very productive farms. Warm, rainy summers and cold to moderate winters. This created a long growing season which created multiple cash crops. The volume of these crops supported a large surplus which could be sold and traded. The rivers were deep and navigable for 100 miles upstream. Skills/Competency Identify and locate the Middle colonies and describe the geographic elements that helped define the area as a region Describe the background experiences of those colonists who came to the Middle region of colonial America. Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions. Describe the economic factors that affected the growth and development of the Middle colonies. Homework Define (by end of March): Navigable Climate Fertile Absolute Location Relative Location Place Irrigation Cash Crop Export/import Surplus Hemisphere Latitude/Longitude Trade Coastal Plain Rivers – Source/ Mouth/Upstream/Downstr eam May include presentations, group work. Monitor and assess class work Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.2.5.A: Describe how goods and services are distributed. 6.4.5.A: Explain why people specialize in the production of goods and services and divide labor. 6.5.5.A: Describe how the availability of goods and services is made possible by the work of members of the society. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 7.1.5.B: Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. 7.2.5.A: Describe the characteristics of places and regions. 7.2.5.B: Identify the basic physical processes that affect the physical characteristics of places and regions. 7.3.5.A: Identify the human characteristics of places and regions using the following criteria: Population Culture Settlement Economic activities Political activities 7.4.5.A: Describe and explain the effects of the physical systems on people within regions. 7.4.5.B: Identify the effect of people on the physical systems within a community. This permitted a vast network of trade, transportation, and communication. English settlements: New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania offered religious toleration or freedom of religion as an incentive to settle in these colonies. William Penn advertised all over Europe. Settlers were attracted to the description of rich farmland and the promise of religious toleration. The middle colonies had a diverse population Economic conditions: The Middle Colonies were the Breadbasket colonies. They were rich in farmland. In the back country areas, people practiced subsistence farming. Philadelphia and New York became centers of Commerce because of their location and harbors. Merchants and artisans settled near the cities Valley Seaport/harbor Interior Social Studies Skills: Themes of Geography (Location and Place) Map Reading Develop Compare and Contrast skills Creation of Charts for comparison Continue the development of organization skills Provided with a blank map of North America, students will locate and label the following: (by end of March) Mississippi River Ohio River Delaware River James River Hudson River Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico The Great Lakes (Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Superior) Design a matrix comparing the three colonial regions by focusing on reason for founding, geography and climate, jobs and government. (by end of March) 8.3.5.C: Differentiate how continuity and change in U.S. history are formed and operate. Belief systems and religions Commerce and industry Technology Politics and government Physical and human geography Social organizations 5th Grade Course Title: Social Studies Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings People use their environment to shape their destiny. Duration: March and early April Essential Questions How did history contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? How did geography contribute to the growth and development of regional colonial identities? Standards 5.1.5.A: Understand the rule of law in protecting property rights, individual rights and the common good. 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.2.5.C: Explain why individuals become involved in leadership and public service. 5.3.5.B: Describe how the elected representative bodies function in making local, state, and national laws. 5.3.5.C: Describe the role of local and state government officials. 5.3.5.D: Describe the primary duties of elected local, state, and national positions. 5.3.5.E: Identify the requirements to vote in local, state, and national elections. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 5.3.5.G: Describe how groups try to influence others. 6.1.5.A: Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. 6.1.5.B: Explain ways in which people meet their basic needs Content SOUTHERN COLONIES Location: The absolute location of the Southern colonies is between 31 degrees N and 39 degrees N in the Western Hemisphere. The relative location can be described as follows: The Southern Colonies are located on the east coast of North America between the southern boundary of the present day Pennsylvania and the northern boundary of present day Florida. The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia make up the Southern colonies. Place: Natural Characteristics – Flat land, good for farming, bounded on the west by the Appalachians and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. Long, slow moving rivers excellent for irrigation and transportation. This area is called a coastal plain. The climate consists of warm to hot summers and ample rainfall providing a long growing season. This allowed for a series of cash crops making the region a valuable exporting area. When the geographic conditions of a coastal plain, slow moving rivers and large amounts of rainfall are combined, swampy areas are produced. These conditions create an ideal environment for disease bearing insects. English settlements in the Southern Colonies Skills/Competency Identify and locate the Southern colonies and describe the geographic elements that helped define the area as a region Describe the background experiences of those colonists who came to the Southern region of colonial America. Describe the economic factors that affected the growth and development of the Southern colonies. Explain how the political development of the Southern colonies led to the development of representative government in the English Colonies. Define: (by end of March) Navigable Climate Fertile Absolute Location Relative Location Place Irrigation Cash Crop Export/import Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions. Homework Monitor and assess class work May include presentations, group work. and wants. Demonstrate the use of human and capital resources in the production of a specific good. 6.1.5.C: Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.2.5.A: Describe how goods and services are distributed. 6.4.5.A: Explain why people specialize in the production of goods and services and divide labor. 6.5.5.A: Describe how the availability of goods and services is made possible by the work of members of the society. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 7.1.5.B: Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. 7.2.5.A: Describe the characteristics of places and regions. 7.3.5.A: Identify the human characteristics of places and regions using the following criteria: Population Culture Settlement Economic activities Political activities 7.4.5.A: Describe and explain the effects of the physical systems on people within regions. 7.4.5.B: Identify the effect of people on the physical systems (Jamestown, 1607): If someone was not a first born son, he would suffer economically because he would not receive the family estate. Therefore, he had to make his own way in the world. Most of the “gentlemen” who joined the Virginia Company were in this situation. They needed to become wealthy on their own. They invested in or volunteered to be part of the colonization scheme developed by the Virginia Company. They were searching for gold and silver and established the first permanent English colony in the New World. They hoped to replicate the ventures of the Spanish in Central and South America. When these gentlemen were unsuccessful in finding gold, hard work and agricultural demands made them ill suited to make the colony grow and prosper. The Virginia Company investors begin to advertise for settlers. Indentured servants and slaves were imported into the colony to help make the settlement successful. They did the hard work. Economic Conditions: Initially the colony was a failure until the cash crop of tobacco was cultivated. By 1619 the indentured service system began to decrease. Southern plantation owners rejected the idea that black indentured servants were able to live in the colony and purchase land when their service was completed. Laws were passed that forbade black indentured servants from ever being set free. This series of laws created the American slave system. A plantation system of agriculture developed based on slave labor. Rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton became the major cash crops. There were few major seaports in the region, therefore, a dependency developed between the plantation system of the south and the shipping industries of the northern colonies. Surplus Hemisphere Latitude/Longitude Trade Coastal Plain Rivers – Source/ Mouth/Upstream/Downstr eam Valley Seaport/harbor Interior Social Studies Skills: Themes of Geography (Location and Place) Map Reading Develop Compare and Contrast skills Creation of Charts for comparison Continue the development of organization skills Provided with a blank map of North America, students will locate and label the following: (by end of March) Mississippi River Ohio River Delaware River James River Hudson River Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico The Great Lakes (Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Superior) Design a matrix comparing the three colonial regions by focusing within a community. 8.3.5.C: Differentiate how continuity and change in U.S. history are formed and operate. Belief systems and religions Commerce and industry Technology Politics and government Physical and human geography Social organizations Property ownership became the method of determining those who could vote in colonial assemblies. If a person owned land and paid taxes, he was therefore considered a stakeholder in the welfare of the community. Political conditions: House of Burgesses – The first representative government in the Americas – The house of Burgesses was an elected body that made all political decisions for the Virginia colony. Members of the community who owned property could run for election and vote for their representatives. Introduction to Slavery: Slaves were brought to North America from West African societies and faced many dilemmas. West African slave trade o West African Culture o Tribal tensions Middle Passage o Conditions on slave ship o How slaves survived Slavery in colonies o Mainly Southern o Economic reasons o Life as a slave on reason for founding, geography and climate, jobs and government. (by end of March) 5th Grade Course Title: Social Studies Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings Colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country. Duration: late April, May & June Essential Questions Why did many colonists became disenchanted with Great Britain? Standards 5.1.5.A: Understand the rule of law in protecting property rights, individual rights and the common good. 5.1.5.C: Describe the principles and ideals shaping local state, and national government. Liberty / Freedom Democracy Justice 5.2.5.B: Identify behaviors that promote cooperation among individuals. 5.2.5.C: Explain why individuals become involved in leadership and public service. 5.3.5.F: Examine different ways conflicts can be resolved. 5.3.5.G: Describe how groups try to influence others. 5.3.5.H: Identify various sources of mass media. 6.1.5.C: Explain how people’s choices have different economic consequences. 6.1.5.D: Demonstrate how availability of resources affects choices. 6.2.5.A: Describe how goods and services are distributed. 6.2.5.B: Identify how pricing influences sellers and consumers. 6.2.5.C: Explain how advertising causes people to change their behavior in predictable ways. 6.3.5.B: Describe factors that influence government’s economic decision Content Prior to the 7 Years War the colonies were loyal to Great Britain The colonies were not united. The 7 Years War / French and Indian War was a turning point in the relations between the colonies and Great Britain There were advantages and disadvantages to being part of the empire Results of the 7 Years War British defeated the French Large land gains in North America British debt Causes of conflict with Britain and cooperation among colonies Proclamation of 1763 Colonists develop a sense of selfreliance The Quartering Act The Stamp Act/Stamp Act Congress Townshend Acts The Boston Massacre The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party Britain passed the Intolerable Acts The other colonies came to the aid Skills/Competency Explain why the colonies did not join immediately in the fight against Great Britain. Describe the growing tensions between the colonies and Britain. Explain why the colonies became united. Define: salutary neglect assembly veto /boycott Propaganda Protest Repeal Loyalist Patriot Militia Delegate Independence Equality Minutemen Declaration Treason “Common Sense” Compare strengths and weaknesses of the Continental Army and British Assessment Quizzes and tests may include: multiple choice true/false definitions matching fill-in the blank open ended questions. Homework Monitor and assess class work May include presentations, group work. Suggested culminating activity : Tug of War making. 6.3.5.C: Explore ways in which tax revenue is collected. 6.5.5.D: Explain how positive and negative incentives affect individual choices. 8.1.5.A: Identify and explain the influences of economic features on continuity and change over time. 8.1.5.B: Classify and analyze fact and opinion from multiple points of view, and secondary sources as related to historical events. 8.3.5.A: Compare and contrast common characteristics of the social, political, cultural and economic groups in United States history. 8.3.5.B: Illustrate concepts and knowledge of historical documents, artifacts, and places critical to United States history. 8.3.5.C: Differentiate how continuity and change in U.S. history are formed and operate. Belief systems and religions Commerce and industry Technology Politics and government Physical and human geography Social organizations 8.3.5.D: Examine patterns of conflict and cooperation among groups and organizations that impacted the history and development of the United States. Ethnicity and race Working conditions Immigration Military conflict Economic stability of Boston The First Continental Congress met Shots were fired at Lexington and Concord The Second Continental Congress met o Conflicts among delegates o Compromise for ratification The Declaration of Independence Tensions turned to war: Lexington/Concord Colonies unite Army.