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Cellular Respiration Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Complex process that our cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds Organisms that use cellular respiration are known as heterotrophs Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2à 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP – Same equation for photosynthesis JUST BACKWARDS! Glycolysis Glycolysis: process where one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid Creates a small amount of ATP and NADH Process is anaerobic – Does not require oxygen Aerobic Respiration If oxygen is present in cell environment Pyruvic acid is broken down to make a large amount of ATP If no oxygen is available for the pyruvic acid – Fermentation Fermentation Releases energy from pyruvic acid without oxygen Two types – Lactic Acid – Alcoholic Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen. Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts and some microorganisms Produces an alcohol & Carbon Dioxide Glycolysis glucose → 2 pyruvic acid molecules Step 1: • Glucose molecule uses 2 ATP molecules to make a 6-carbon molecule with 2 phosphates Glycolysis Step 2: • Glucose molecule breaks in half to make 2 G3P molecules Glycolysis Step 3: • Each G3P molecule gets a phosphate added and 2 NAD+ is reduced and gains an e- to become NADH Glycolysis Step 4: • Each 3-Carbon molecule loses their phosphates to make 4 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Fermentation Anaerobic process after glycolysis Pyruvic acid is used to become either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol This process is important because it regenerates NAD+ molecules for glycolysis to continue to work Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid → lactic acid NADH → NAD+ Important for making dairy products produces certain cheeses and yogurts Occurs naturally in your muscles when you work out Muscle soreness Lactic Acid Fermentation Muscles use up all available oxygen Switch to anaerobic respiration Increases acid levels in muscles causing the fatigue Eventually gets processed in liver back to pyruvic acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvic acid → ethyl alcohol NADH → NAD+ Ethyl alcohol is a 2-carbon molecule Pyruvic acid loses a C by releasing CO2 Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast needs to get food to survive such as sugars from fruit Yeast breaks down to ferment the pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2 If CO2 is released, you get regular alcohol If CO2 is not released, you get a sparkling wines Efficiency of Glycolysis Glycolysis uses 2 ATP in order to create G3P molecules Makes 4 ATP at the end of the process As a process to make energy, the efficiency is about 2% Very low for necessary energy Why we need cellular respiration!! The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus giving it the nickname Citric Acid cycle. Net ATP Production is 2 ATP. Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP. Total ATP 32. Totals Gycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP Total = 36 ATP Energy & Exercise Quick energy – Lactic Acid fermentation is used to get quick energy and gives off lactic acid as a by product, thus the muscle pain. Long-Term Energy – Use cellular respiration to produce energy. Exercising or activities that last for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Best form for weight control. Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Function Energy Storage Location Chloroplasts Energy Release Mitochondria Reactants CO2 and H2O Products C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O à + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + 6O2à