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Iris van Melsen, Shararah Said & Leila El Sahragty The attack on the Twin Towers September 11, 2001, New York On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists from al-Qaeda (an Islamist extremist group) hijacked four airplanes and crashed two of these planes into the North and South towers of the World Trade Center in New York. Eventually both towers collapsed because of the damage. The attack killed 2753 people in New York. A third plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane was targeted at Washington D.C, but crashed into a field near Shankville, Pennsylvania. In this Prezi we will show you the most significant changes America made in their security system after the attacks on this day. USA Patriot Act October 26,2001, Washington D.C The Patriot Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush shortly after the attacks on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon. The title of the act is an acronym that stands for Uniting and Strengtheing America by Providing Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. The goals of the Act are to strengthen domestic security and expand the power of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists. The Patriot Act is divided into ten Titles, each Title is covering a law to provide more safety in the United States. Because of the Patriot Act the government also has more privileges to basically spy on citizens by, for example, checking their e-mails. This event is significant because it has been created because of the attacks on September 11. Jim Sensenbrenner Illinois Frank James "Jim" Sensenbrenner, Jr. is born June 14, 1943 is an American politician who has been a member of the Republican Party in the United States House of Representatives since 1979, representing Wisconsin's 5th congressional district. In 1998, Sensenbrenner had an important role in the impeachment of former U.S. President Bill Clinton, acting as one of the House managers. Sensenbrenner introduced the USA PATRIOT Act to the House on October 23, 2001. He did not write the act. The primary author was Assistant Attorney General of the United States Viet Dinh. Nevertheless, Sensenbrenner has been recognized as "one of the architects of the Patriot Act." In November 2004, Sensenbrenner and California Congressman Duncan Hunter objected to provisions of a bill that, among other things, created a Director of National Intelligence, a key recommendation of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, known as the 9/11Commission. He was a significant person because he introduced the USA PATRIOT Act. The Transportation Security Administration November 19, 2001 The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, which exercises authority of the traveling public in the Unite States. The TSA was established as a response to the attacks on September 11, 2001. Its goals are devoloping policies to protect the States' transportation and preventing aircraft hijacking. The TSA is very significant for the changes after the attacks in September, 2001, because they have changed a lot of security matters at airports all over the United States. Shoe Bomb December 22, 2001, Florida A failed bombing attempt on 22 December 2001, that occurred on American Airlines Flight 63 flying from Paris to Miami International Airport. There were 197 passengers and crew on the plane. An Islamic fundamentalist from the United Kingdom called Richard Reid carried shoes that were packed with two types of explosives. Passengers on the flight complained of a smoke smell and one flight attendance (Hermis Moutardier) walked through the plane to assess the source. After Hermis asked Reid what he was doing, he grabbed at her, revealing one shoe in his lap, a fuse leading into the shoe, and a lit match. Unfortunately for Reid, his feet foiled his plans. The gunpowder in his shoes would not ignite due to his excessive feet sweat, dampening the gunpowder and disallowing it to ignite. Eventually Reid was subdued (using plastic handcuffs etc) by other passengers on the airplane. Because this event happened in a short time after 9/11, terrorism was still playing a huge part. If this wouldn’t had been, the passengers might not have noticed Reid. And unfortunately would have been dead. Information Awareness Office: January, 2002, Indiana Was established in January 2002 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), to bring together several DARPA projects focused on applying information technology and surveillance to monitor and track terrorists and other asymmetric threats to United States national security, by achieving “Total Information Awareness” (TIA). TIA is aimed to gather detailed information about individuals in order to prevent and anticipate crimes before they are committed. They achieved this by creating enormous computer databases to store and gather personal information (e-mails, credit card records etc) of everyone in the United States. It is important because the government can now look better at the information that spreads all over the United States. It makes the chance smaller that an event such as 9/11 will ever happen again. John Poindexter Indiana John Poindexter, born in Indiana on August 12, 1936, led the Information Awareness Office. Vice President Dick Cheney recommended him. He served as the Director of the IAO from January 2002 till August 2003. After the IAO funding was subsequently cut, he retired. He is a significant person because he led the IAO. United States Department of Homeland Security November 25, 2002, Washington D.C A department of the United States federal government, created in response to the 9/11 attacks. Their primary responsibilities are protecting the United States from terrorist attacks, man-made accidents and natural disasters. It was formed on 25 November 2002 after George W. Bush signed the bill into law. An example of what the United states Department of Homeland Security has done is a color-coded terrorism risk advisory scale created on 12 March 2002 as the result of a Presidential Directive (a form of an executive order issued by the President of the United States) to provide a “comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, local authorities and to American citizen.” Is important because it was a response to 9/11 and made new rules which will hopefully protect America from terrorism. Tom Ridge Pennsylvania Was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania on 26 August, 1945. He was assistant of the President for Homeland Security. After George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, he named Ridge to head it. Ridge worked with the employees from combined agencies to strengthen borders, provide for intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection and much more. He is important because he was one of the people who created the Office of Homeland Security and because of this department America got stricter rules. And terrorism will probably happen less often. George Walker Bush New Haven, Connecticut George Walker Bush is born July 6, 1946. He is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States of America from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut. On October 26, 2001, George Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act into law. President Bush on November 2001 signed an order that called for foreigners charged with terrorism to be tried by military tribunals and that they be classified as illegal enemy combatants. Such courthouses permitted the admission of hearsay and evidence obtained under pressure, and allowed secret evidence that would be shown to the jury but not the opposing party. In addition, the opposing party could be excluded from portions of his own trial. He is a significant person because he was the President during the 9/11. Changes in the immigration system One of the changes that has been made after the attacks on September, 11, is that the immigration policy has been the heightened examination on people who want to enter the United States. Soon after the attacks had happened, the government tightened the process of issuing temporary visas to other foreign nationals. In 2004 the Department of Homeland Security introduced US-VISIT, a program that requires the capture of biometric data of foreign nationals at visa-issuing overseas posts and at ports of entry in the United States. The government has also expand the possibilities to control the southern and northern borders. After September, 11, the government invested heavily in the construction of physical barriers and virtual fences along the United StatesMexico border. With all these changes in their immigration system it is a significant event in the changes after September, 11. Barrack Hussein Obama Honulu, Hawaï Barack Hussein Obama is born August 4, 1961 is the 44th and current President of the United States, and the first African American to hold the office. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaï the USA Patriot Act, set to expire at the end of 2005, was first extended and then renewed in 2006. The Obama administration has continued to use the law, ability to eavesdrop on those in the U.S. and abroad it suspects are linked to terrorist activities. and technology to eavesdrop on terror suspects and to disrupt terror networks. In fact, President Obama is pushing to expand on the law to force telecommunications companies to allow their networks to be monitored and make sure their technology does not interrupt such surveillance. In May 2011, three provisions of the law scheduled to expire were extended: the use of "roving wiretaps" to follow individuals when they switch phone numbers or carriers; investigators may obtain court orders to search business records of an individual for "any tangible things" related to an inquiry; and officials have the authority to conduct surveillance on foreign individuals suspected of having ties to terrorist groups. He is important because he is the President these days. Sources National September 11 Memorial & Museum (2002), http://www.911memorial.org/ What is the USA Patriot Act? http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm Grabianowski, E. HowStuffWorks "How the Patriot Act works" http://people.howstuffworks.com/patriot-act.htm Risen, T. (October 29, 2013) Freedom Act to End NSA Data Collection Introduced, http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=357 124 Biography, http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/biography/default.aspx Thomas, Cathy Booth (September 1, 2002) “Courage in the Air” TIME. Retrieved December 28. 2009. Sample, Ian (December 27, 2009). “PETN – hard to detect and just 100g can destroy a car”. The Guardian. Retrieved December 1, 2011. Weinberger, Sharon (24 January 2008). “Defense research: Still in the lead?” Nature. Nature Publishing Group. pp. 390-393. Ryan Singel (14 July 2003). “Funding for TIA All But Dead”. Wired (magazine). Retrieved 7 December 2013. Murray, N. (4 October 2010). "Profiling in the age of total information awareness". Race & Class. JOHN MARKOFF (November 9, 2002). "Pentagon Plans a Computer System That Would Peek at Personal Data of Americans". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2013. Tether, T. (March, 19, 2003). Statement http://websearch.darpa.mil/search?q=cache:IcxZ0xVpmNsJ:www.darpa.mil/Wo rkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D1779+IAO&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF 8&client=default_frontend&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&site=default_coll ection&access=p&oe=UTF-8 Governor Ridge Announcing Homeland Security Advisory System". Dhs.gov. March 12, 2002. Retrieved November 24, 2011. Homeland Security Advisory System scale, - , March 12, 2002 "Ridge: I fought raising security level before '04 vote". Political Ticker (CNN). August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-21. BBC profile of Tom Ridge 9 November 2004 Security Chief Ridge: 'The Task is Enormous', NPR.org, October 8, 2001. Benard, Paul “Tom Ridge on National Security After 9/11”, U.S. News & World Report, 19 Aug 2009 Rowen, B. (2007) Post-9/11 Changes By the U.S. Government, http://www.infoplease.com/us/history/911-anniversary-governmentchanges.html#ixzz2pqFzLCUx Iyer, D. and Rathod, M. J. (January/February 2012) 9/11 and Immigration Law and Policy http://www.americanbar.org/publications/gp_solo/2012/january_february/9_ 11_immigration_law_policy.htmly