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Note Taking Study Guide
3
SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN EXPANSION
SECTION 1
Focus Question: How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between
North and South over slavery?
Organize people, groups, and ideas by their position on slavery.
Position on Slavery
For
•
Against
• Wilmot Proviso
Compromise
•
•
• Zachary Taylor
•
•
• Martin Van Buren
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Millard Fillmore
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READING CHECK
What was popular sovereignty?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word component in the
underlined sentence. Use
context clues to help you figure
out the meaning of component.
READING SKILL
Categorize Which two political
parties supported the policy of
popular sovereignty?
1
Date
Section Summary
SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN EXPANSION
The North and the South developed different ways of life. The
North developed busy cities, embraced technology, and built
factories. The South remained an agrarian, or agricultural,
society. By the mid-nineteenth century, cotton cultivation and
slavery had spread across the Deep South.
Americans questioned whether slavery should be allowed
in the new territories west of the Mississippi River. The balance of power between the North and the South depended on
this decision. The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery
from the lands won in Mexico, but the Senate voted it down.
Members of the new Free-Soil Party wanted to limit slavery in the territories. Democrats and Whigs hoped to attract
voters from all sides of the slavery debate. They supported
popular sovereignty. This policy stated that the voters in a territory should decide whether to allow slavery there. The Whig
candidate Zachary Taylor won the election. He was a hero of
the Mexican-American War and a slave-owner.
When gold was discovered in California in 1848, people
came from all over the world. In 1849, they drafted a constitution and asked that California be admitted to the Union as a
free state. The admission of California would tip the balance in
favor of the free states. The South threatened to secede, or
break away from the Union. Senator Henry Clay put forth a
number of compromise resolutions. Illinois Senator Stephen A.
Douglas steered each component of Clay’s plan through
Congress separately. The legislation based on Clay’s proposals
became known as the Compromise of 1850. California was
admitted as a free state. Popular sovereignty was applied to
the territories taken from Mexico. Also, a new Fugitive Slave
Act forced citizens to help catch runaway slaves. The
Compromise of 1850 ended the crisis for the moment. However,
it laid the foundation for conflict in the future.
Review Questions
1. What differences were there in the ways of life of the North
and the South?
2. How did Congress try to settle the slavery issue in 1850?
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Note Taking Study Guide
A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE
Focus Question: How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the KansasNebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?
A. Use the concept web below to record the effects of the Fugitive Slave Act on
different groups of people.
Vigilance committees
Free blacks
Fugitive slaves
Fugitive
Slave Act
Slave owners
Personal liberty laws
Abolitionists
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2
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Note Taking Study Guide
A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE
Focus Question: How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the KansasNebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?
B. Use the chart below to trace the series of events that led up to and followed the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Douglas introduces bill to allow popular sovereignty in Kansas Territory.
Kansas-Nebraska Act assumes Nebraska will become a free state
and Kansas will become a slave state.
Kansas is finally admitted as a free state in 1861.
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Section Summary
A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE
The new Fugitive Slave Act enraged many northerners. It
required citizens to help return runaway slaves. Some northern
states passed personal liberty laws. These laws allowed the
state to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping. Northern white
bystanders refused to intervene to help slave hunters. A network known as the Underground Railroad helped runaway
slaves escape to the North or to Canada. One of its most courageous conductors was former slave Harriet Tubman. She was
known as “Black Moses” for leading her people out of
bondage. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle
Tom’s Cabin. The novel was a condemnation of slavery.
Congress tried repeatedly to resolve the question of slavery. The result was a jumble of contradictory policies. In 1854,
Senator Douglas introduced a bill to divide the Nebraska
Territory into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The people of each territory would decide whether to be slave or free
when they applied for statehood. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
allowed slavery to spread to areas that had been free for more
than 30 years.
Most people who came to Kansas Territory were farmers
looking for land. However, Kansas also attracted settlers with
political motives. By 1855, there was a proslavery government
near the Missouri border. An antislavery government was set
up in Topeka. In 1856, the Topeka government petitioned
Congress for statehood. On May 21, 1856, a proslavery group
raided the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. The abolitionist John Brown quickly retaliated. With his sons and a few
friends, Brown killed five proslavery settlers. During the fall of
1856, violent outbreaks occurred around Lawrence. Reporters
called the situation “Bleeding Kansas.” People saw that popular sovereignty could not solve the slavery question. Kansas
joined the Union as a free state in 1861.
Review Questions
1. How did northerners show their disapproval of the Fugitive
Slave Act?
2. What was the outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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READING CHECK
What was the Underground
Railroad?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word intervene in the
underlined sentence. What does
intervene mean? You can use
word parts to figure it out. The
prefix inter- means “between.”
The root -vene means “to
come.” Use these clues to help
you figure out what intervene
means.
READING SKILL
Understand Effects What
effects did the Fugitive Slave Act
have on African Americans?
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3
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Note Taking Study Guide
POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS THE CRISIS
Focus Question: What developments deepened the divisions between
North and South?
1850
Early 1850s–
Whig Party
disintegrates.
1852
1854
1856
Republicans
nominate Frémont
for President.
1858
John Brown
leads raid on
Harpers Ferry.
1860
Use the timeline below to record significant political events.
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Section Summary
POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS THE CRISIS
Millard Fillmore was the last Whig President. He angered the
South by supporting California’s entry into the Union as a free
state. Northerners left the party because he supported the
Fugitive Slave Act and popular sovereignty. By the mid-1800s,
an increase in immigrants was changing the country. As a
result, an anti-immigrant movement began. It was called the
“Know-Nothings” because its members pretended to know
nothing when questioned about their group. By 1855, they had
formed the American Party. It soon split over the issue of slavery in the western territories. Antislavery zeal gave rise to the
new Republican Party in 1854. It grew rapidly in the North.
In 1856, Democrat James Buchanan won the presidential
election, supported by the large majority of southerners. Then,
in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of a Missouri
slave, Dred Scott, who had sued for his freedom. The Court
ruled that slaves and their descendants were property. Therefore, they were not entitled to sue in the courts. It also ruled
that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it
was illegal for Congress to deprive an owner of property.
In 1850, a series of debates between two candidates for an
Illinois Senate seat attracted attention. Republican Abraham
Lincoln opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and its implicit
support for the expansion of slavery. His rival, Stephen A.
Douglas, promoted popular sovereignty as a solution to
regional tensions. Douglas won the election by a slim margin.
Both men believed that the slavery issue had to be resolved
within the framework of the law. Abolitionist John Brown felt
no such constraints. He got recruits to mount an armed assault
on slavery. In the fall of 1859, they set out to seize the federal
arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown hoped local slaves
would join a revolution to destroy slavery. The effort failed.
Some of the rebels were killed, and some escaped. Brown’s
attack deepened the division between the North and the South.
Review Questions
1. How did John Brown’s raid affect the debate about slavery?
2. How was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery different
from Stephen Douglas’s position?
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83
READING CHECK
Why was the Dred Scott
decision important?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word implicit in the
underlined sentence. Ask
yourself what kind of support the
Kansas-Nebraska Act gave to
the expansion of slavery. Use
this strategy to help you figure
out what implicit means.
READING SKILL
Sequence Look at your timeline.
What do the dates and events
tell you about the relationship
between the North and the
South?
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Note Taking Study Guide
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
4
Focus Question: How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war?
•
•
•
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• Confederates defeat Union
at Fort Sumter.
•
• Lincoln wins the election
without a single southern
electoral vote.
•
•
• South Carolina secedes.
• South worries that northern
radicals may try to eliminate
slavery in original southern
states.
Causes
•
Events
Effects
Fill in the cause-and-effect chart below to show the events that led to secession.
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Section Summary
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
As the presidential election of 1860 approached, anxiety ran
high. Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congress
to limit federal control over slavery in the territories. He
believed that the Constitution prevented Congress from interfering with slavery in states where it already existed. During
the 1860 presidential election, the Democrats split into two parties. Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas who
believed in popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats supported Vice President John C. Breckinridge. He wanted to
expand slavery into the territories. The Republicans nominated
Abraham Lincoln. They wanted to end slavery in the territories. They stipulated that there should be no interference with
slavery in the states. Lincoln won the election. However, he
did not win any electoral votes from the South.
After Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from the
Union. Six other states quickly followed. In February 1861,
they set up the Confederate States of America. The Confederate
constitution stressed state independence and protected slavery.
The Confederacy wanted to win the support of Britain and
France. Therefore, it did not allow new slaves to be imported.
The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as President. Kentucky
Senator John Crittenden tried to compromise with the South.
He proposed a new constitutional amendment. If it had
passed, the Crittenden Compromise would have allowed slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise
line. In his last weeks in office, President Buchanan told
Congress that he could not prevent secession.
In his inaugural address, Lincoln said he would not interfere
with slavery in states where it existed. He promised there would
be no war unless the South started it. When South Carolinians
fired on Fort Sumter, a Union fort guarding the harbor at
Charleston, President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight.
Review Questions
1. What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the presidential campaign of 1860?
2. What events led to the start of the war?
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READING CHECK
What was the Crittenden
Compromise?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word stipulated
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle the word below
that is a synonym for stipulated.
• denied
• specified
READING SKILL
Identify Causes and Effects
Why did the constitution of the
Confederate States of America
prevent new slaves from being
imported?