Download The Human Body - Oasis Short Heath

BY SAAD ANSARI
SLIDES: HEART
LIVER
SKELETON
The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood
through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1]
In humans, other mammals and birds the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left
and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles.[4][5] Commonly the right atrium and
ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left
heart.[6] The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and
two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria are connected to the
ventricles by the atrioventricular valves and they are separated by the coronary
sulcus. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left
atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
The liver stores excess sugars that you eat, or that are in your
blood, in the form of a chemical called glycogen. Glycogen
absorbs nearly 6 times its weight in water, so your liver is also
important for water storage. When your body needs more sugars
(like between meals), your liver breaks down the glycogen into
glucose, which the rest of your body uses for fuel. The liver does
this for the rest of your body, as the liver itself can't use glucose for
energy.
Your liver also helps you when you have a cut. The liver makes the
chemicals, enzymes, and other factors that your blood uses to
clot. If your liver is sick, it doesn't make these very important things,
and you will bleed easily.
The liver also processes nearly any medication you take, like
Tylenol. Your body can't use the medicines that you take normally,
so your liver makes it into a form that your body can use.
Your liver also makes cholesterol. Sometimes people think of
cholesterol as a bad thing, but cholesterol is important for building
cells, and making certain chemicals called hormones. Hormones
are like messengers in your body, and without them the different
parts of your body wouldn't be able to talk to each other very
well.
At birth the human skeleton is made up of around 300 bones. By adulthood, some bones have fused together to end up with 206
bones.
Human bones grow continually from birth till our mid 20's. Our skeleton's bone mass is at its maximum density around the age of 30.
If broken our bones will re-grow and repair themselves. Often doctors will place a cast on splint to make sure these bones repair
straight and true.
The axial skeleton part of the human skeleton has 80 bones. It includes the vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull and helps us
maintain our upright posture, by spreading the weight in the head, and upper areas down to the lower areas near the hips.
The appendicular skeletal section of our skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the pectoral (shoulder) girdles, the pelvic girdle and the
bones of the lower and upper limbs. Its function is for movement of the body and to protect some organs.
The human skeletal system has six major functions including the production of blood cells, for support, for movement, for protection,
for storage of ions and endocrine regulation.
The longest bone in the human body is the thigh bone called the femur.
The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear. The staples (or stirrup) bone is only 2.8 millimetres (0.11
inches) long.
Like our skin, the human body's bones are also constantly worn down and re-made, to the point where every 7 years we essentially
have a new bone.
The area of our body with the most bones is the hand, fingers and wrist where there are 54 bones.
Our teeth form part of the skeletal system, but are not counted as bones.
There a just a few differences between human male and female skeletons. The female skeleton is generally slightly smaller and the
pelvis bones differ in shape, size and angle in order to assist with child birth.
The majority of human bones have a dense, strong outer layer, followed by a spongy part full of air for lightness, while the middle
contains a soft, flexible, tissue substance called bone marrow.
Bone marrow makes up 4% of a human body mass. It produces red blood cells which carry oxygen all over the body. Marrow is also
produces lymphocytes, key components of the lymphatic system, which support the body's immune system.
Calcium is very important for our bones and helps keep them strong and healthy.
The areas where our bones meet are called joints. The joints in our cranium have no movement while our hip joints allow for a wide
range of movement.
In an adult, the small intestine measures about 16 feet (on average), and is about 1-2
inches in diameter.
If the small intestine were just a simple tube, it would have a surface area of only about
½ square meter, or about the size of a chair. However, the small intestine has a very
complex inner lining, which is made up of millions of little fingers (called villi), which
increase the area to about 200 square meters, or about the size of a tennis court!
Food can be held in the small intestine from anywhere from 1 to 4 hours. During this
time, most of the chemical digestion of food takes place (and most of the absorption
as well).
Your small and large intestines have muscles in them (called smooth muscle) that
move food through the intestines. These muscles allow all of the food you eat to go
through your system, often defying gravity to do so - this means that you could in fact
eat upside down!
The large intestine is actually shorter than the small intestine, only being about 5 feet
long in an adult. The intestines are named for how wide they are, not how long they
are.
In your lifetime, the digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
pancreas, liver) will handle over 50 tons of food and liquid!
Food absorbed in the intestines goes directly to the liver through a large vein called
the portal vein.
The Skeleton of the biggest
prehistoric underwater animals
ever to live
CONTENTS
MEGALODON ,PREDATOR X , GIANT MOSASOR, DUNKLEOSTEUS , GIANT
ORTHOCONE
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Nonetheless, scientists regard megalodon sharks as one of the most
powerful predators in the history of vertebrates. According to the
fossil’s evidence these sharks might be as long as 15.9 – 20.3 meters
(52 – 61 feet). They had been known to have cosmopolitan
distribution around the globe. The teeth of these marine creatures IT
Its teeth were thought to be 7 inches long.
The megalodon shark’s teeth have been discovered from different
places due to the fact that sharks continuously shed their teeth over
the period of time.
The great white sharks have a bite force of about 1.8 tons while the
megalodon sharks had the bite force of 10.8 – 18.2 tons which
means that they could easily crush the skull of some other
prehistoric whales.
According to palaeontologists, the length of the megalodon sharks
were measured at 40 – 100 feet, with more consensuses is on the
size of 55 – 60 feet.
The weight of these species was known to be 50 – 100 tons.
These megalodon sharks were primarily known to feed on
prehistoric sharks including giant turtles, dolphins, squids, fish, and
other similar large species.
The mosasaurs were one of the success stories of the late Cretaceous period.
The largest known mosasaur is Hainosaurus, which could reach 17 metres in length.
Giant mosasaurs were the top predator in the sea and were widespread across the world.
Much of their day would have been spent swimming slowly near the seabed looking for suitable prey to attac
As the mosasaurs were not fast swimmers they would have stalked their prey using natural cover.
Only when the prey was within striking range would the mosasaur propel itself forward.
Being caught in a mosasaur’s jaws meant almost certain death.
Although giant mosasaurs were the top predators in the sea, they were still vulnerable to attack.
One mosasaur fossil bears the marks of a shark bite in its spine.
Giant orthocone (OR-thoe-cone)
The giant orthocone's living tissue was at one end of a very long conical shell. It had no fins and no tail.
Along the underside of the cone ran a flexible, fleshy tube.
The orthocone moved along by forcing water out in the opposite direction to where it wanted to go.
It controlled its vertical position by adjusting the amount of seawater in the chambers of its shell.
Its mouth and metre-long tentacles emerged from one end of the shell.
It ate fish as well as arthropods, eg sea scorpions. It seized its prey using its tentacles and beak-like mouth
to rip apart