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0038.1 GESKIEDENIS HG (EERSTE VRAESTEL) HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) NOVEMBER 2001 TYD: TIME: 2UUR 2 HOURS WES-KAAPONDERWYSDEPARTEMENT WESTERN CAPE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ISEBELEMFUNDO LENTSHONA KOLONI SENIOR SERTIFIKAA TKSKSAMEN SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Skryf op die buiteblad van jou antwoordboek, teenoor die woord "Vak" GESKIEDENIS HOeR GRAAD (EERSTE VRAESTEL) Write on the cover of your answer book, after the word "Subject"HISTORY HIGHER GRADE (FIRST PAPER) Hierdie vraestel bestaan uit 13 bladsye en 'n Addendum. This question paper consists of 13 pages and an Addendum. HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) 3 (0038.1) INSTRUCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. This paper consists of 2 sections. Section A contains essay questions and Section B source-based questions. Answer Question 5 plus ANY TWO other questions. Devote about 40 minutes to each of the three questions. Marks are awarded for such aspects as presentation, insight and logicality, but note that the content of the answer is also of great importance. Number your answers according to the question numbers used in this section. Subsections of the source-based questions should be answered in the correct sequence and each question should be answered as a unit. HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) SECTION A ESSAY QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 THE USSR 5 (0038.1) Critically evaluate the role played by the February Revolution and Kerensky's government in paving the way for the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in October 1917. QUESTION 2 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA How successful was Roosevelt's New Deal in ending the Great Depression in America? Explain your answer. QUESTION 3 /50/ THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION To what extent has the United Nations fulfilled its social, humanitarian and economic aims? Substantiate your answer. QUESTION 4 /50/ /50/ AFRICA Would you agree that most of the challenges faced by the newly independent African states in the 1960s were directly related to their colonial past? Explain your answer. /50/ HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) SECTION B 7 (0038.1) SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS All the following questions are based on the sources in the ADDENDUM. QUESTION 5 (COMPULSORY QUESTION) EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR 5.1 FASCISM IN GERMANY: EXTRACTING EVIDENCE FROM A VARlETY OF SOURCES. Use Sources A, B, C, D, and E, which refer to fascism in Nazi Germany, to answer the questions below: 5.1.1 Refer to Source A. Explain the two characteristics of Nazi Germany referred to in this extract from Hitler's Mein Kampf (4) Look carefully at Source B. What does the graph tell us about support for the Nazi Party during the 1920s and 1930s? (4) Suggest two sources an historian might need to consult in order to explain or interpret these election results, and say what sort of evidence would come from each of the sources. (4) Refer to Sources Band C. What evidence in Source C helps to explain how the support for the Nazi Party rose from 43,9% in March 1933 to 100% in July 1933? (4) An opponent of the Nazi regime wrote the description of the scene at the Kroll Opera House. In what way does this affect the value of the evidence to the historian? (3) 5.1.6 Refer to Source A. What did Hitler mean when he talked of 'racial quality'? (3) 5.1.7 Refer to Sources D and E. What does each of these sources tell us about how Hitler carried out his aim of maintaining what he considered to be 'racial quality' (Source A)? (6) 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) 5.1.8 (0038.1) Look carefully at Source D. (a) (b) 5.1.9 9 What does the map tell us about where most of the Nazi extermination camps in Europe were built? Using the evidence from the map, suggest two reasons Hitler might have had for situating the camps in these regions. In Source E, Himmler talks of 'a page of glory in our history'. You are a Human Rights activist. Write a brief press release in response to this statement. (2) (4) (6) [40] 5.2 THE USSR AND USA ENTER THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY: EVIDENCE FROM CARTOONS 5.2.1 Look carefully at Sources F and G. What message is the cartoonist trying to convey in each of these cartoons? (3x2=6) 5.2.2 How useful are cartoons as historical evidence? Explain your answer. (4) [10] /50/ HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) QUESTION 6 11 (0038.1) (OPTIONAL QUESTION) THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE 6.1 HOW DID THE BERLIN BLOCKADE INCREASE THE COLD WAR TENSIONS IN EUROPE? Use Sources H, I, J, K and L, which refer to the results of the Berlin Blockade, to answer the questions which follow. 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 Refer to Sources H, I and J. How do these sources differ in their interpretation of the Berlin Blockade? (6) Refer to Sources H and J. Explain, in the context of the Cold War, why the Soviet Union and the United States of America would have conflicting interpretations of the Berlin Blockade. (4) Which of Sources H, I and J do you think gives the most reliable view of the Blockade? Give a reason for your answer. (3) Read Source K. What evidence is there in this source to prove that the NATO powers believed the Organisation to be defensive? (4) 6. 1.5 Look carefully at Source L. What was the attitude of the Soviet Union towards NATO? Use evidence from the source to substantiate your answer. 6.1.6 6.2 How did the Berlin Blockade and NATO contribute to the tension between the two superpowers, the USSR and USA? (4) (4) THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING, 1956 Use Sources M and N on the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 to answer the questions which follow. 6.2.1 6.2.2 Refer to Source M. Explain why the Hungarian people were so angry that they were trying to destroy the statue of Stalin and the symbols of the Soviet Union? (8) Refer to Sources M and N. According to the Soviet Union, 'Counterrevolutionaries' mentioned in Source N were 'fascists and supporters ofthe USA'. Does the evidence in Source M support this interpretation? Give a reason for your answer. (4) [25] HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) 6.2.3 6.2.4 (0038.1) What do you think the rebels mentioned in Source M would have said about the claim in Pravda (Source N) that they were (a) (b) 6.2.4 13 'fascists' murdering Hungarian 'patriots' in the streets? (2x2 = 4) Refer to Source N. Is there any sentence in this report with with which the Hungarian rebels would have agreed? Explain your answer. (4) Bias occurs in history when the evidence is either deliberately distorted or by leaving important evidence out, to produce an inaccurate account of an event. In what ways is this Pravda report (Source N) an example of biased evidence? (5) [25] /50/ TOTAL: /150/ 0038.1A HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES NOVEMBER 2001 TIME: 2 HOURS WESTERN CAPE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ISEBE LEMFUNDO LENTSHONA KOLONI SENIOR CERTIFICATE ADDENDUM: EXAMINATION SOURCES This Addendum consists of 9 pages. 2 HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES QUESTION 5 (COMPULSORY CIRCUMSTANCES WmCR 5.1 (OO38.1A) QUESTION) LED TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR FASCISM IN GERMANY SOURCE A This is an extract £TomMein Kampf written by Hitler while in prison after the Munich Putsch of 1923. There must be no majority decisions. The decisions will be made by one man, only he alone may possess the authority and right to command. Blood mixing and the resultant drop in the racial quality is the sole cause of the dying out of old cultures. All who are not of good race in the world are chaff. SOURCE B This table shows the number of seats won by the Nazi Party in German elections, and the percentage of votes cast in favour of the Nazi Party in those elections. Reichstag elections May 1924 Dec 1924 May 1928 Sept 1930 July 1932 Nov 1932' March 1933 July 1933 Number of seats 32 14 12 107 230 196 288 647 National vote (%) 6,5 3,0 2,6 18,3 37,3 33,1 43,9 100 SOURCE C In March 1933 the Enabling Act was passed in the German Reichstag (parliament) giving Hitler powerto make laws without the approval of the Reichstag. A Social Democrat Member of the Reichstag remembers the passing of the Act: The wide square in £Tontof the Kroll Opera House was crowded with dark masses of people. We were received with wild choruses: 'We want an Enabling Act!' Youths with swastikas on their chests eyed us insolently, blocked our way, in fact made us run the gauntlet, calling us names like 'Centre [Catholic Party] pig', 'Marxist sow'. The Opera House was crawling with armed SA and SS men. The assembly hall was decorated with swastikas. .. HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES - 3 (OO38.1A) SOURCE D A map showing the position of Nazi concentration and extennination camps in Europe between 1933 and 1945. ~ "r"rd" THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS concentration camp in which more than 2 million people were murdered between 1941 and 1944, including Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet prisoners-of-war. i- Camps set up solely for the murder of Jews. ) loogo TONIA Other camps in which Jews and non-Jews were put to forced labour, starved, tortured, and murdered in condftions of the worst imaginable cruelty. Most of these camps had 'satellite' labour camps nearby. I~ . I ~,. "1 ,, \ .J \ /1/1_/1/1/1_., llTHUANIA ;/- :<: .) ( ffhff - . ;" '.\.. ,",", ... <.<. \ '.' (; Sachsenhausen '*' Mitt.,bouOo,a,*, " ( Gross 1 Rosen ,., ~\ 1 '-..\.-. Natzwe;ler ,.. '*' " Flo.sen"rg~! ': '.-., C~ --- 1 \ B!IIII!I\!I . '*''*'-- .1 Go~.i~ ~ Ja.enova. '*' v~o ~ $1~v~jmiSte ~ "r-- [ ! '*'mmD1 ~}::S5;<~(:~~~_/~:::~ I.,., S S R )') '*' '-\ '*',*,Pla.,ow f C 0 S t"4.'~"""-.,._, " u \" POlAND '*' '*' i G Buchenwald """"". '*'. -,\-. ER MANY ,.r./~"~ "".;\ ~'-' ,. J (~:utthOI.) iNeuengamme ,*,RavensbriicK ,.J'*' .,; B.!'~,n-Belsen Vaiva,. i. ' .. ~ 4 HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES (OO38.1A) SOURCE E This is an extract ITom a speech made by Rimmler to the SS commanders in occupied Poland. I want to speak here before you in all openness about a very delicate subject. Among us it should be talked about quite openly, but despite this we shall never talk about it in public. I mean the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish people. This is one of those things that one says easily enough. 'The Jewish people will be exterminated' says many a party comrade...Ofall the people that talk that way, none has seen it happen, none has been through it. Most of you know what it means when 100 corpses are lying together, when 500 are lying there, or when 1000 are lying there. To have seen that through and while doing so - leaving aside exceptions owing to human weakness - to have maintained our integrity, that has made us hard. This is an unwritten and never-to-be written page of glory in our history. HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES 5.2 5 (OO38.1A) THE USSR AND USA ENTER THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY SOURCEF This is a British cartoon published in the Daily Mail, in November 1941. It was published 5 months after Hitler invaded the USSR. Hitler is on the left playing against Stalin on the right. . Churchill is standing behind Stalin. NEARING THE SHOW-DOWN 6 HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES (OO38.1A) SOURCE G This is a South Aftican cartoon commenting on the USA's entry into the Second World War. It shows Franklin D. Roosevelt in the middle of the boxing ring announcing the arrival of the USA. Hitler and Mussolini are in one comer with France, Britain and Russia in the other comer. THE PROTACONISTS mSTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES 7 (OO38.1A) QUESTION 6 (OPTIONAL) THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE 6.1 HOW DID THE BERLIN BLOCKADE INCREASE THE COLD WAR TENSIONS IN EUROPE? SOURCE H Berlin was divided after World War TI.In June 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all road, rail and canal links between West Germany and West Berlin, trying to force the Allies out of the city. President Truman spoke about the crisis soon after it ended in 1949. We refused to be forced out of the city of Berlin. We demonstrated to the people of Europe that we would act and act resolutely, when their freedom was threatened. Politically it brought the people of Western Europe closer to us. The Berlin blockade was a move to test our ability and our will to resist. SOURCE I In 1984, historian Jack Watson wrote about the Berlin airlift. The Berlin air-lift was a considerable achievement but neither side gained anything from the confrontation. The USSR had not gained control of Berlin. The West had no guarantees that land communications would not be cut again. Above all, confrontation made both sides even more stubborn. SOURCE J Historian P. Fisher in his book, The Great Power Conflict, quoted a Soviet view of the Berlin crisis. The crisis was planned in Washington, behind a smokescreen of anti- Soviet propaganda. In 1948 there was danger of war. The conduct of the Western powers risked bloody incidents. The self-blockade of the Western powers hit the West Berlin population with harshness. The people were freezing and starving. In the Spring of 1949 the USA was forced to yield...their war plans had come to nothing, because of the conduct of the USSR. 8 HISTORY HG (FIRST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES (OO38.1A) SOURCE K During the Blockade Western powers met in Washington and signed an agreement to set up NATO. This is an extract trom the NATO Charter. Article 3: To achieve the aims of this Treaty, the Parties [countries] will keep up their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack. Article 5: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. SOURCE L This Soviet cartoon about NATO appeared in 1963. The dog's teeth are labelled NATO. The dog is about to attack the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). ~AR T.ocoA PEqb H. C. "Y~OK a ropllo ItIt XP~A "'pOIl"~eT... HISTORY HG (FffiST PAPER) ADDENDUM: SOURCES 6.2 9 (OO38.1A) THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING, 1956 SOURCE M An account of the Hungarian uprising by an Austrian eye-witness, published in the British newspaper, The Manchester Guardian on 25 October 1956. The five thousand students who were meeting in front of the Petofi Monument in Budapest were joined shortly after dusk by thousands of workers and others. The great crowd then marched to the Stalin monument. Ropes were wound round the statue's neck, and, to cheers, the crowd attempted to topple the statue. But it would otot budge. They finally managed to melt Stalin's knees by using welding torches. When the body of the statue broke apart and his legs crashed on the ground, the crowd started shouting. 'Russians go home, Russians go home. ' .. .With hammers, iron pipes, and various other tools, the crowd cut and broke the monument into countless pieces. Several demonstrators told me that they wanted a souvenir of that --Stalin. While the Stalin Monument was being attacked, another crowd stormed the Trade Unions building, broke a huge Red Star from the roof, and threw it to the pavement. Police were standing by, but made no attempt to interfere. I have never seen more determination on the faces of a crowd... I'm sure they were all ready to risk their lives for their cause. SOURCE N An extract from a report which appeared in Pravda, the official newspaper of the Soviet Communist Party, on 9 November 1956. The Russians claimed that the Hungarian Rising was planned by 'counter-revolutionary elements'. 'Counter-revolutionaries' to the Russians meant Fascists and supporters of the USA. Counter-revolutionary ringleaders [within Hungary] organised an attack on the peaceful population, terrorised it, and murdered all progressive workers... The government was powerless to prevent these criminal excesses from continuing and spreading.. evevolutioevolutionary bands dragged Hungarian patriots [supporters of communism] through the streets, kicked and tortured them until these defenceless victims of terrorism died in horrible suffering.. veverything which resembled Socialism, the Communist Party or ftiendship of the USSR was destroyed with fury.