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Chapter 4 TEST Study Guide
What is erosion?
The process by which sediment is removed from its source.
Sedimentary rocks change into what when
exposed to heat and pressure?
Metamorphic rock.
What are the three ways magma can form?
Change in temperature, pressure, or composition.
What is weathering, and what does it form?
The process that breaks down rock to form sediment.
What is deposition?
The process in which sediment is laid down.
What is uplift?
One of the geological processes that shape the Earth’s
surface. The rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to higher
elevations.
To make tools.
How did humans use rocks in the past?
What is the geologic process that forms
sedimentary rock?
Cementation.
What are the geologic processes that shape
Earth’s features?
Weathering, erosion, deposition, and uplift.
What type of rock forms when magma cools?
Igneous Rock.
What is deformation?
The process in which rocks change shape.
What is metamorphism?
Define composition.
When rocks change due to an increase of temperature or
pressure inside the Earth’s crust.
The chemical make-up of a rock.
Define texture.
The size, shape, and position of grains that make up a rock.
What are index minerals?
Minerals used to estimate temperature and pressure at
which rock changes.
A solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter.
Define rock.
What is recrystallization?
How are rocks classified?
The process in which crystals in minerals change in size or
composition.
Texture and Composition
Where do intrusive igneous rocks cool?
Inside the Earth.
Where do extrusive igneous rock cool?
On the Earth’s surface.
Define felsic and list three elements that
occur in this type of rock.
Light-colored rock. Aluminum, potassium, silicon, and
sodium.
Define mafic and list three elements that
occur in this type of rock.
Dark-colored rock. Calcium, iron, and magnesium.
What is the texture of igneous rock that cools Coarse-grained.
slowly?
What is the texture of igneous rock that cools Fine-grained.
quickly?
Describe the three ways that magma can
form.
Change in pressure, change in temperature, change in
composition.
What do all igneous rocks begin as?
Magma.
What is the process that forms sedimentary
rock?
Cementation.
How is clastic sedimentary rock formed?
Forms from fragments of rocks are cemented together by a
mineral such as calcite or quartz.
How is chemical sedimentary rock formed?
Forms from solutions of dissolved minerals and water.
How is organic sedimentary rock formed?
Forms from the remains, or fossils, of animals and plants that
once lived in the ocean.
What two things must increase for
metamorphic rocks to form?
Heat and pressure.
What is contact metamorphism?
Occurs when magma comes into direct contact with rock.
What is regional metamorphism?
Occurs when large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide with
each other.
Define foliated.
The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains
are arranged in planes or bands.
Define nonfoliated.
The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains
are not arranged in planes or bands.