Download Chlidonias albostriatus, Black-fronted Tern

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
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IUCN 2008: T22694750A93468044
Scope: Global
Language: English
Chlidonias albostriatus, Black-fronted Tern
Assessment by: BirdLife International
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Chlidonias albostriatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2016: e.T22694750A93468044. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Charadriiformes
Laridae
Taxon Name: Chlidonias albostriatus (Gray, 1845)
Synonym(s):
• Chlidonias albostriatus (Gray, 1845) — Collar and Andrew (1988)
• Chlidonias albostriatus (Gray, 1845) — Collar et al. (1994)
• Chlidonias albostriatus (Gray, 1845) — Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)
• Hydrochelidon albostriata Gray, 1845
• Sterna albostriata (Gray, 1845)
Common Name(s):
• English:
• Spanish:
Black-fronted Tern
Charrán fumarel
Taxonomic Source(s):
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International,
Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Taxonomic Notes:
Chlidonias albostriatus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Sterna as S.
albostriata.
Identification Information:
29 cm. Small, grey tern with black cap. Grey body and wings. Short, forked tail. White underparts. In
flight, contrasting white rump. Bright orange legs, bill. Breeding adult, black cap extending to bill. Thin
white line along cheek. Non-breeding adult, grey-flecked crown reduced to arc from eye to eye. Juvenile,
similar except black-flecked crown, white chin. Similar spp. Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida has even
grey on rump. Little Tern S. albifrons has dark primaries on upper wings, yellow bill. Fairy Tern S. nereis
has yellow-orange bill. White-fronted Tern S. striata, Common Tern S. hirundo are larger with black bill,
legs. Voice Call repetitive kit.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Endangered A2bce+3bce+4bce ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
October 1, 2016
Justification:
This tern has a small population which has shown recent very rapid population reductions at some
wintering and breeding sites, which are predicted to continue in the future owing to on-going threats. It
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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is therefore considered Endangered.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2012 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694750A38896922.en
2010 – Endangered (EN)
2008 – Endangered (EN)
2007 – Endangered (EN)
2004 – Endangered (EN)
2000 – Endangered (EN)
1996 – Vulnerable (VU)
1994 – Vulnerable (VU)
1988 – Threatened (T)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Chlidonias albostriatus breeds in the South Island, New Zealand. It is found along the eastern riverbeds
from Marlborough to Southland, and on the upper Motueka and Buller Rivers in southern Nelson
(Heather and Robertson 1997). Birds disperse to the coastline and estuaries in winter, mostly from
Stewart Island to the southern North Island, feeding at sea within 10 km of the coast (Heather and
Robertson 1997, Taylor 2000). The most recent estimates put the total population at 7,000-10,000
individuals (R. Keedwell in litt. 2006) or 5,000 individuals (per M. Bell in litt. 2012). All populations of
this species that have been studied have been in decline (G. A. Taylor in litt. 1999). Numbers recorded in
the Bay of Plenty during winters in the 1980s ranged between 25 and 45 individuals. Since 2000, counts
at the same site have varied between 10 and 16 individuals (M. Szabo in litt. 2006). Similarly, on the
breeding grounds numbers on the Ashburton River declined from over 750 birds in 1981 to fewer than
200 by 1990 (O'Donnell 1992, Maloney 1999, Taylor 2000). A total of 55 individuals was recorded in the
lower 18 km of the Ashley River in 1980 (Wildlife Service surveys), with just 26-28 along the same
stretch in 2005-2006 (J. Dowding in litt. 2006). These and other observations indicate that the species
may be in widespread decline (O'Donnell 1992, Maloney 1999, Taylor 2000, M. Szabo in litt. 2006).
Country Occurrence:
Native: New Zealand
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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Distribution Map
Chlidonias albostriatus
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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Population
In 2004, the New Zealand Department of Conservation estimated 1,000-5,000 mature individuals of this
species (R. Hitchmough in litt. 2006), and a winter census in 2007 estimated c.5,000 individuals (per M.
Bell in litt. 2012). Another estimate has put the total population at 7,000-10,000 individuals (R. Keedwell
in litt. 2006), roughly equivalent to 4,600-6,700 mature individuals. Based on these estimates, the
population is placed in the band for 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.
Trend Justification
Breeding populations on braided rivers in the South Island, New Zealand, are assumed to be in decline
as their habitat comes under increasing pressure from exotic pests, hydroelectric power development
and water abstraction. A meta analysis of the trends of the breeding population from 1962-2008
(O’Donnell and Hoare 2011) showed that rivers on which declines have occurred are characterised by
having relatively low flows. At such rates, populations on low-flow rivers (51.4% of black-fronted terns
counted on the oldest counts) would decline by a further c. 90% within 25 years.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
It breeds on riverbeds, creating simple scrapes in the shingle. It usually lays two eggs. The young fledge
after c.30 days. It feeds on freshwater invertebrates and small fish, taken as it forages over channels in
gravelly rivers of South Island, occasionally taking earthworms and other invertebrates in terrestrial
environments (on pastureland) and, when at sea, feeding mainly on crustaceans (Heather and
Robertson 1997, O'Donnell and Hoare 2009). Adults in one colony fed their chicks 36-73 common skinks
Oligosoma polychroma per hour (O'Donnell and Hoare 2009).
Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Marine
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Introduced mustelids Mustela spp., feral cats, brown rats Rattus norvegicus, hedgehogs, brush-tailed
possums Trichosurus vulpecula, dogs, Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen and other native bird
species prey on this species (Taylor 2000, Keedwell et al. 2002, M. Bell in litt. 2012). Major breeding
failures have been recently reported at colonies as a result of predation (G. A. Taylor in litt. 1999,
Keedwell et al. 2002). Cattle and sheep can disturb breeding colonies. Recreational activities, presently
increasing rapidly, can cause breeding failure and disturbance at wintering sites. Further hydroelectric
developments are a major threat; notably an approved project on the Wairau River where 12% of the
population currently nest (M. Szabo in litt. 2006). Invasion of introduced weed species and tree planting
along riverbeds reduces available habitat (Taylor 2000) and forces birds to nest in areas more prone to
flooding (M. Bell in litt. 2012). Confinement of rivers to a single channel reduces the availability of
nesting "islands" (B. D. Bell verbally 1999). The species may be threatened at its roosting sites by
predation, disturbance and development (M. Bell in litt. 2012).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation Actions Underway
Several studies have been completed covering aspects of the species's biology and ecology. Habitat
restoration and fauna monitoring is carried out by Project River Recovery in a number of major riverbed
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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habitats in the McKenzie basin, covering part of the range (A. Grant in litt 1999, Taylor 2000). Some
populations have received predator control measures with limited improvements to breeding success
(M. Bell in litt. 2012).Conservation Actions Proposed
Census and map all breeding colonies, and census winter flocks. Monitor accessible colonies annually.
Examine all proposals for the development of hydroelectric dams or irrigation projects to identify
impacts on the species. Establish nest protection if predation is identified as significantly affecting
breeding success. Spray weeds on rivers if required (Taylor 2000), and commence a trial of establishing
islands/rafts in lagoons and tarns (B. D. Bell verbally 1999).
Credits
Assessor(s):
BirdLife International
Reviewer(s):
Butchart, S. & Symes, A.
Contributor(s):
Bell, B., Bell, M., Dowding, J., Grant, A., Hitchmough, R., Keedwell, R., Szabo, M. &
Taylor, G.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Anderson, O., Benstead, P., Bird, J., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Mahood, S.,
McClellan, R., Pilgrim, J. & Taylor, J.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
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Bibliography
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International,
Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. 1996. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, UK.
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 07 December 2016).
Keedwell, R. J.; Maloney, R. F.; Murray, D. P. 2002. Predator control for protecting kaki (Himantopus
novaezelandiae) - lessons from 20 years of management. Biological Conservation 105: 369-374.
Maloney, R. F. 1999. Bird populations in nine braided rivers of the Upper Waitaki Basin, South Island,
New Zealand: changes after 30 years. Notornis 46: 243-256.
O'Donnell, C. F. J. 1992. Birdlife of the Ashburton River, Canterbury, New Zealand. Department of
Conservation, Christchurch.
O'Donnell, C.F.J.; Hoare J.M. 2011. Meta-analysis of status and trends in breeding populations of blackfronted terns (Chlidonias albostriatus) 1962–2008. New Zealand Journal of Ecology: 30-43.
Taylor, G. A. 2000. Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Department of Conservation,
Wellington.
Citation
BirdLife International. 2016. Chlidonias albostriatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T22694750A93468044. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
6
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent
Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.5. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater
Lakes (over 8ha)
Breeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.10. Marine Neritic - Estuaries
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.3. Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble
Shoreline and/or Beaches
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea
Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.
Recreational activities
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Slow, significant
declines
Low impact: 5
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Future
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.11. Dams (size unknown)
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.3. Other
ecosystem modifications
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Cytisus
scoparius)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Bos
taurus)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
Very rapid
declines
Slow, significant
declines
Negligible declines
Negligible declines
Low impact: 5
Low impact: 5
Low impact: 4
Low impact: 4
7
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Salix
fragilis)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Ovis aries)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species
(Gymnorhina tibicen)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Canis
familiaris)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Mustela
furo)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species
(Trichosurus vulpecula)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Mustela
erminea)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Erinaceus
europaeus)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Rattus
norvegicus)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Mustela
nivalis_old)
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
Negligible declines
Negligible declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Very rapid
declines
Low impact: 4
Low impact: 4
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
8
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range
Occur in at least one PA: No
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
Included in international legislation: No
Subject to any international management/trade controls: No
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
9
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 161000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Number of Locations: 11-100
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Upper elevation limit (m): 600
Population
Number of mature individuals: 2500-9999
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
No. of subpopulations: 1
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes
No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
Generation Length (years): 11
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chlidonias albostriatus – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694750A93468044.en
10
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™