Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:11 PM Page 49 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER The Skeletal System 3 The Skeletal System Overview: Skeletal System CHECK We are born with 270 bones in our bodies, and even more bones form during childhood. By the time we reach adulthood though, several separate bones have fused together so that the number of our bones has decreased to around 2061, which make up the adult skeletal system. An example of this reduction occurs in each half of our pelvis, where three separate bones— the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis—fuse into one single bone called the os coxa. The skeletal system is further divided into the axial skeleton, consisting of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage; and the appendicular skeleton, which consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities along with their associated girdles (Table 3.1). Overview: Skeletal System 1 Around 206—some people develop varying numbers of miscellaneous bones, either sesamoid bones, which form within some tendons as a response to stress (such as the patella) or sutural bones, which develop within the sutures of the skull. Table 3.1 POINT: 1. The average human adult has ___________ bones in their body, while the average newborn has ___________ bones in theirs. 2. Explain the difference. Naming Bony Processes and Other Landmarks Bony landmarks are various ridges, spines, depressions, pores, bumps, grooves, and articulating structures on the surface of bones. These structures allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves; for joints between bones; and for the attachment of ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Therefore, a working knowledge of the names of these structures will be a valuable asset when considering the structure and function of these surface features. Some of the most commonly encountered bony landmarks are listed in Table 3.2. Summary of the Bones of the Adult Skeletal System Axial Skeleton—80 Bones Skull and Hyoid Inner Ear Ossicles Vertebral Column Sternum and Ribs 23 bones 6 bones 26 bones 25 bones Appendicular Skeleton—126 Bones Pectoral Girdle Upper Extremities Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremities 4 bones 60 bones 2 bones 60 bones Total – 206 Bones Bonus Question: Using this information as a reference, how would this table appear if it was a list of the bones for a newborn? 49 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 50 The Skeletal System Common Bony Landmarks FEATURE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE Landmarks of Articulation: Condyle: Smooth, rounded knob occipital condyle of skull Facet: Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface articular facets of vertebrae Head: Prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded head of the femur Process: Any bony prominence mastoid process of the skull Spine: Sharp, slender, or narrow process spine of the scapula Crest: Narrow ridge iliac crest of the pelvis Elevated Landmarks: Line: Slightly raised, elongated ridge nuchal lines of the skull Tuberosity: Rough surface tibial tuberosity Tubercle: Small, rounded process greater tubercle of the humerus Trochanter: Massive processes unique to the femur greater trochanter of the femur Epicondyle: Projection superior to a condyle medial epicondyle of the femur Depressions or Flat Surfaces: Alveolus: Pit or socket tooth socket Fossa: Shallow; broad, or elongated basin mandibular fossa Fovea: Small pit fovea capitis of the femur Sulcus: Groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel intertubercular sulcus of the Humerus Foramen: Hole through a bone, usually round foramen magnum of the skull Fissure: Slit through a bone orbital fissure behind the eye Meatus or canal: Tubular passage or tunnel through a bone auditory meatus of the ear Sinus: Space or cavity within a bone frontal sinus of the skull Spaces or openings: Bonus Question: Alveolus is a common term in human anatomy. How many other examples of alveoli can you find in Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (APR)? Au/Ed: ital okay? CHECK POINT: Naming Bone Processes and Other Landmarks Lines Crest 1. Explain the difference between a crest and a line. 2. Explain the difference between a condyle and an epicondyle. 3. Explain the difference between a foramen and a fissure. EXERCISE 3.1: Coloring Exercise Color in the structures with colored pens or pencils. 50 Sinuses Canal (meatus) Process Condyle Spine Foramen Alveolus Foramen bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 51 CHAPTER 3 A Few Notes About Naming Processes Process Spine Fossae Fovea Head A process is any bony prominence—that is, a piece of bone that sticks out from the rest of the bone. When it comes to naming these processes, there are a few rules that need to be followed to minimize confusion. For example, let’s consider when a process articulates with another bone, such as the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. This process is a structure on the temporal bone that articulates with the zygomatic bone. The formula for naming one of these processes is: the x process of the y bone Crest Trochanters Line Eplcondyles Condyles Head Tubercle where x ⫽ the name of bone articulated with and y ⫽ the name of the bone it is part of So, with the ZYGOMATIC process of the TEMPORAL bone, x ⫽ ZYGOMATIC (the bone articulated with) and y ⫽ TEMPORAL (the bone it is part of). Now, how does the zygomatic process of the temporal bone compare to the temporal process of the zygomatic bone? If you are not sure, don’t worry, we will cover these structures shortly. Let’s look at the styloid process of the temporal bone. This styloid process does not articulate with any other bone, but it shares its name with the styloid processes of both the ulna and radius bones of the forearm. Therefore, it must be named in reference to the bone that it is part of to prevent confusion— hence the name the styloid process of the temporal bone. What problems would you predict could occur if this distinction is not made in an emergency room scenario? Some processes, the mastoid process for example, are unique in name and do not articulate with any other bones. These require no further clarification when naming them. CHECK Tuberosity Epicondyles The Skeletal System Fossae POINT: A Few Notes About Naming Processes 1. Consider the temporal process of the zygomatic bone a) This process articulates with which bone? b) This process is part of which bone? 2. What is the correct way to say the two styloid processes of the forearm? 3. Why is it correct to refer to the mastoid process as the mastoid process and not the mastoid process of the temporal bone? Condyles 51 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 52 The Skeletal System • From the Home screen, click the drop-down box on the Select system menu. • From the systems listed, click on Skeletal, and you will see the image to the right: • This is the opening screen for the Skeletal System. Animation: Joint Movements We cannot discuss the bones of the skeleton without first understanding their movements in reference to each other and with the rest of the body. The location of this movement or articulation between bones is the joint. In the ANIMATIONS section of the Skeletal System, several of these joint movements are listed for you. By selecting a specific joint movement, a definition and short animated example will explain each one. EXERCISE 3.2: Extension: Abduction: Adduction: Pronation: Joint Movements • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System click the ANIMATIONS button at the top of the screen. • From the Select animation menu, select each of the movements listed under the Joint movements heading. Supination: Elevation: • Click the Play button, and view the animation. • After viewing the animation and reading the definition, define the following joint movements. Click the Select animation menu in the ANIMATION LIST window to select the next term: Flexion: 52 Depression: Circumduction: bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 53 CHAPTER 3 Rotation: The Skeletal System 1. Define appositional bone growth. Dorsiflexion: 2. Which cells produce bone material? Plantar flexion: 3. How is a tunnel formed around a blood vessel? Eversion: 4. How is the tunnel filled in to produce a new osteon? Inversion: 5. What is the name for the concentric rings that form the osteon? Protraction: Retraction: CHECK • When you are finished with the animation, click on the Dissection button at the top of the screen to begin the following exercises, or click on the Exit button at the top right of the screen to exit Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed ®. POINT: Joint Movements HEADS 1. A movement that raises a body part is . . . . 2. A movement of a body part away from the main axis of the body or structure is . . . . 3. A movement at the ankle so that the dorsum of the foot is elevated is . . . . 4. A movement that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint is . . . . 5. A movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint is . . . . Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed ® has several UP! animations available to aid your study of different systems. Watch for the Animation button at the bottom of the screen to be highlighted green, which indicates that an animation is available for the specific structure(s) you are viewing. Skeleton (Regions) Animation: Appositional Bone Growth • Return to the ANIMATION LIST, and select Appositional bone growth. • Click the Play button, and view the animation. • After viewing the animation, answer the following questions: EXERCISE 3.3: Skeleton, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or from the Skeletal System Animations Screen, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Skeletal under the Skeletal (Regions) heading. 53 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 54 The Skeletal System • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. R. ___________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. S. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ A L R V Y B E DH M O S U W. ___________________________________________ C F G K J I N P Q T W X X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ Z AA AC AB AE AD AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ AG. ___________________________________________ AH. ___________________________________________ AF AH AG • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Skeleton, Anterior View 1. Name the bones that make up the cranial group. How many of each bone are in this group? 2. Name the bones that make up the facial group. How many of each bone are in this group? 3. Name the bones that form the pelvic girdle. 4. Name the bones that form the wrist. 5. The vertebral column is composed of __________ vertebrae. How many of each group of vertebrae are there? H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.4: Skeleton, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. P. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Skeleton, if it is not already selected. Q. ____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Posterior. 54 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 55 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System • Click the flashing GO button. R. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ A B D W. ____________________________________________ C E H M Q V. ____________________________________________ J O R S V X G K N P X. ____________________________________________ F I Y. ____________________________________________ Z. ____________________________________________ L T U W Y Z • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Skeleton, Posterior View 1. Name the group of bones that form the palm of the hand. What structures form the knuckles? 2. Name the group of bones that form the foot. How many are there? 3. Name the group of bones that form the fingers. How many compose each finger? 4. Name the lateral bone of the forearm. Name the medial bone of the forearm. 5. What is another name for the tailbone? EEXERCISE 3.5: Locating Structures of the Head and Neck There are 30 bones in the human adult head and neck, which can present a daunting task when it comes to learning each bone. With this in mind, the following tables are designed to allow you to discover which bones are visible in each view of Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed®. These tables are not meant to be tedious, but rather to help you become more familiar with each bone. On the left of the following tables are names of structures found on the head and neck. The names of specific bones are aligned to the left, and the structures found on those bones are listed under them indented to the right. Using the Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed ®, open each dissection view listed across the top right of the table and put an “X” in the columns under the views where you find the structures listed in the left column. Not all bones or structures will be visible in all views. P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ 55 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.3 2:12 PM Page 56 The Skeletal System Structures of the Head and Neck—Cranial Bones Structures Dissection Views Individual Bone Anterior Inferior Skull Lateral Midsagittal Posterior Frontal bone Frontal sinus Supraorbital notch Parietal bone Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Temporal bone Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Squamous part of temporal bone Styloid process of temporal bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Sphenoid bone Body Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Greater wing Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid bone Crista galli Ethmoid air cells Nasal concha—middle Nasal concha—superior Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Bonus Question: What is the name for the bone shaped like a “butterfly”? 56 Superior Skull Cranial Cavity Orbit bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 Table 3.4 2:12 PM Page 57 Structures of the Head and Neck—Facial Bones Structures Dissection Views Individual Bone Anterior Inferior Skull Lateral Midsagittal Posterior Superior Skull Cranial Cavity Orbit Maxilla Alveolar process of maxilla Infraorbital foramen Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar process of mandible Angle of mandible Body of mandible Condylar process of mandible Coronoid process of mandible Mandibular foramen Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Bonus Question: What is the anatomical term that refers to the chin area? How do you suppose it received this name? Table 3.5 Structures of the Head and Neck—Other Skull Structures Structures Dissection Views Individual Bone Anterior Inferior Skull Lateral Coronal suture Cranial fossa—anterior Cranial fossa—middle Cranial fossa—posterior Foramen lacerum Hard palate Hyoid bone Jugular foramen Lambda Lambdoid suture Nasal concha (inferior) Pterion Sagittal suture Septal cartilage Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Articular disk of the TMJ Zygomatic arch Bonus Question: What is the name for the “cheekbone”? Midsagittal Posterior Superior Skull Cranial Cavity Orbit bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 CHAPTER 3 2:12 PM Page 58 The Skeletal System Table 3.6 Structures of the Head and Neck—Cervical Vertebrae Structures Dissection Views Individual Bone Anterior Inferior Skull Lateral Midsagittal Posterior Superior Skull Cranial Cavity Orbit Atlas (C1 vertebra) Axis (C2 vertebra) Cervical vertebrae Spinous process (cervical) Transverse process (cervical) Vertebral body (cervical) Intervertebral disk Bonus Question: Which bones are characterized by the presence of “transverse foramina”? EXERCISE 3.6: Head and Neck, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Head and neck. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ A M. ____________________________________________ B C E G D H J N. ____________________________________________ F I O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ K Q. ____________________________________________ L R. ____________________________________________ M S. ____________________________________________ N R O P S 58 Q bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 59 CHAPTER 3 CHECK The Skeletal System A. ___________________________________________ POINT: B. ___________________________________________ Head and Neck, Anterior View C. ___________________________________________ 1. Name the bones contributing to the orbit. 2. Name the bone known as the “collar bone.” 3. What structures are formed by the frontal bone? 4. Which is the shortest rib? 5. Name the superior part of the sternum. D. ___________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.7: J. ___________________________________________ Head and Neck, Lateral View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ M. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Head and neck, if it is not already selected. O. ___________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Lateral. Q. ___________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. R. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: S. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ A B C W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ D F H I E L J O K N R G M Q P S U V T AA Z W Y X AD AC AE AB Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ AF AG AH AI AG. ___________________________________________ AH. ___________________________________________ AI. ___________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: 59 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 CHECK 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 60 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Head and Neck, Lateral View A. ____________________________________________ 1. Name the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone. 2. Name the two bone processes that make up the zygomatic arch. 3. Name the “sockets” for the teeth. 4. Describe the pterion. 5. What structures of which bones form the temporomandibular joint? B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.8: I. ____________________________________________ Thorax, Anterior View J. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Thorax. O. ____________________________________________ • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: CHECK POINT: Thorax, Anterior View B A D H C E G F I J K L M N O Q P 1. Name the three parts of the sternum. 2. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections. 3. Name the structures that attach the ribs to the sternum. 4. Name the two bones that form the glenohumeral joint. 5. Name the structure found between the bodies of all but two vertebrae. This structure is lacking between which two vertebrae? EXERCISE 3.9: Abdomen, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Abdomen. • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. 60 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 61 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System • Click the flashing GO button. N. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ A R. ____________________________________________ B D E S. ____________________________________________ C T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ V. ____________________________________________ W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ F G I J M K N O W X U L Y. ____________________________________________ H T P R Q V S Y • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Abdomen, Anterior View 1. What process occurs to the pubic symphysis during late pregnancy? 2. What Latin term means “wing”? Where is a structure with this name located? 3. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections. 4. What term refers to the hip joint socket? Which bones contribute to this structure? 5. Name the structure formed by five fused vertebrae. B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.10: E. ____________________________________________ Back, Posterior View F. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Back. K. ____________________________________________ • Posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. L. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. M. ____________________________________________ 61 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 62 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: G K B D I V.____________________________________________ W.____________________________________________ E H F X.____________________________________________ J M L P O AA CHECK S U V AB Z Z.____________________________________________ AB.____________________________________________ R T X Y.____________________________________________ AA.____________________________________________ N Q W T.____________________________________________ U.____________________________________________ A C S.____________________________________________ Y • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Back, Posterior View 1. Name the large, triangular flat bone of the superior back. 2. Name the three coxal bones. 3. Name the vertebrae of the lower back. How many are there? 4. Which intervertebral discs most commonly herniate? 5. Name the structure marked by a “dimple” on the lower back. A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ Skull and Associated Bones Animation: The Skull • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the ANIMATIONS button at the top of the screen. • From the Select animation menu, select Skull. I. ____________________________________________ • Click the Play button, and view the animation. J. ____________________________________________ • After viewing the animation, answer these questions: K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ 1. The bones that surround and protect the brain are referred to as the __________ bones. M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ 62 2. The bones that form the underlying structure of the face are referred to as the __________ bones. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 63 CHAPTER 3 3. With one exception, the bones of the skull articulate with each other through joints known as __________. The exception is the __________. The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: 4. There are numerous holes in the skull called __________. A B 5. What are the functions of these holes? C D E F H I EXERCISE 3.11: Skull, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, or, from the Skeletal System Animations Screen, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. L G K J M N O S R Q P • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ VIEW button to continue. • From the Select topic menu, select Skull under the Skull and associated bones heading. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. HEADS UP! Many of the views we will see of the Skeletal System will indicate the locations of muscle attachments. These attachments are of two types – • These are MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS, which theoretically are not a part of the Skeletal System. Your instructor may refer you back to this part of the chapter when you study the Muscular System. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ Origins and Insertions. Origins, as indicated by C. ____________________________________________ red shading, are the relatively stationary or D. ____________________________________________ immobile points of skeletal muscle attachment. The E. ____________________________________________ Insertions, indicated by blue shading, are the F. ____________________________________________ points where a muscle attaches to a bone and G. ____________________________________________ produces movement. One way to remember the distinction between the two is to consider your life. Your Origin, or location of your birth, never changes or moves as you go about your life. But, H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ your Insertion, where you are inserted on the earth K. ____________________________________________ at this time may be different than your origin. L. ____________________________________________ Thus, your Origin never moves, but when you M. ____________________________________________ move, your Insertion moves to another location. N. ____________________________________________ 63 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 CHAPTER 3 2:12 PM Page 64 The Skeletal System O. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ A C V. ____________________________________________ B E I F K O M D J L P G H N Q R S T U V CHECK POINT: Skull, Anterior View 1. Name the structures transmitted through the mental foramen. 2. Name a feature of the skull that can be either a notch or a foramen. 3. What two bones contain teeth? 4. What is the name for the sockets of the teeth? (You may have to revisit this chapter to answer this one) 5. The nasal septum consists of what specific bones or structures of bones? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.12: B. ____________________________________________ Skull, Superior View C. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it is not already selected. H. ____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Superior. I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ 64 • Click the flashing GO button. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 65 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.13: Skull, Lateral View A B • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it is not already selected. • From the Select view menu, select Lateral. C D • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: F E G • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ L B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ A C B H F I P S Q TK U V D E G O M J N R W Z X AA Y G. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Skull, Superior View 1. Name the joint between the parietal bones. 2. Name the joint between the frontal and the parietal bones. 3. Name the bone type found in or near the sutures of the skull. 4. Where are these bones most often found? 5. Name the skull bone that articulates with the vertebral column. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ 65 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 66 The Skeletal System G.____________________________________________ H.____________________________________________ I.____________________________________________ J.____________________________________________ K.____________________________________________ L.____________________________________________ M.____________________________________________ N.____________________________________________ O.____________________________________________ P.____________________________________________ Q.____________________________________________ R.____________________________________________ S.____________________________________________ T.____________________________________________ U.____________________________________________ V.____________________________________________ W.____________________________________________ X.____________________________________________ Y.____________________________________________ Z.____________________________________________ AA.____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ___________________________________________ B. ___________________________________________ C. ___________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ M. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ O. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ A C Z. ___________________________________________ B AA. ___________________________________________ E N V M U I R T AB D F G J P O K Q S X Y W AC AD AF AG H L Z AA AE AH AI AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ AG. ___________________________________________ AH. ___________________________________________ AI. ___________________________________________ 66 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 67 CHAPTER 3 CHECK The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Skull, Lateral View A. ____________________________________________ 1. Name the specific bony structures that form the temporomandibular joint. 2. What two bones make up most of the lateral skull (one on each side)? 3. What suture is their point of articulation? B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.14: • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: Skull, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. A • From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it is not already selected. B • From the Select view menu, select Posterior. C D • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: E G F H I A • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B F D B. ____________________________________________ C E C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ 67 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 CHECK 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 68 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Skull, Posterior View 1. What suture forms the joint between the parietal and occipital bones? 2. What bone forms most of the posterior skull? 3. What is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament on the skull? A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.15: G. ____________________________________________ Skull, Mid-sagittal View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it is not already selected. H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • From the Select view menu, select Mid-sagittal. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A K W A C E D F B G H I L C B D G E F J L H I P O M R S V N AA Q U X Y T AE Z AD AG AB AC AF AI AK AJ AH AN AM AL AO J K • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 68 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 69 CHAPTER 3 E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ CHECK The Skeletal System POINT: Skull, Mid-sagittal View G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ M. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ O. ___________________________________________ 1. When your dentist wants to numb your lower jaw by anesthetizing the nerves that serve the teeth and skin, what “hole” in what bone would be used to access those nerves? 2. Name the paranasal sinuses. 3. Name the structure that increases the surface area of the nasal cavity and plays an important role in warming inhaled air. 4. Name the structure that contains the sublingual salivary gland. 5. Name the muscles that attach to the styloid process of the temporal bone. P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.16: Skull, Inferior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. X. ___________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it is not already selected. Y. ___________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Inferior. Z. ___________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ A AG. ___________________________________________ AH. ___________________________________________ AI. ___________________________________________ AJ. ___________________________________________ AM. ___________________________________________ AN. ___________________________________________ D G H F K E I L J AK. ___________________________________________ AL. ___________________________________________ B C M N O P Q AO. ___________________________________________ 69 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 70 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ___________________________________________ B. ___________________________________________ C. ___________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ M. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ O. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ A X. ___________________________________________ B I C I Y. ___________________________________________ D H L P E G K N J U R O Q Y V AA X S T Z F M W Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AB AC AD • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: 70 CHECK POINT: Skull, Inferior View 1. The zygomatic arch is made up of what two specific structures of what two bones? 2. What is the name for the large foramen on the inferior side of the occipital bone? 3. Name the irregular-shaped opening formed by the sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 71 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System E. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.17: Skull—Cranial Cavity, Superior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Skull-cranial cavity under the Skull and associated bones heading. F. ___________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ M. ___________________________________________ • Superior will be visible in the Select view menu. N. ___________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. O. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ A B D F W T. ___________________________________________ C E G K H J L I M N O U Q T AB P R V Z S X AE Y AA AD AF AC AG AI AL U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AH AK AJ AM AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ AG. ___________________________________________ AH. ___________________________________________ AI. ___________________________________________ AJ. ___________________________________________ AK. ___________________________________________ AL. ___________________________________________ AM. ___________________________________________ 71 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 CHECK 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 72 The Skeletal System POINT: Skull—Cranial Cavity, Superior View 1. Describe the cribriform plate. 2. Name the structures that traverse through the jugular foramen. 3. Name the structure that passes through the foramen ovale. 4. Name the structure contained in the hypophyseal fossa. 5. What structure is transmitted by the foramen rotundum? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.18: • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: Orbit • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. A • From the Select topic menu, select Orbit. B C • Anterolateral will be visible in the Select view menu. D F G • Click the flashing GO button. H K • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: R P V N U L E J O S I M Q T W X A B D F C E G • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: H A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ 72 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 73 CHAPTER 3 H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ A O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ B R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ C D T. ____________________________________________ E U. ____________________________________________ V. ____________________________________________ F G W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Orbit 1. Name the seven bones that constitute the orbit. 2. Name the structure that transmits the optic nerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery. 3. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmitted by the superior orbital fissure. 4. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmitted by the inferior orbital fissure. 5. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmitted by the anterior ethmoidal foramen. EXERCISE 3.19: Ethmoid Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Ethmoid bone. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Ethmoid Bone 1. Name the characteristic features of the ethmoid bone. 2. Describe the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. 3. Name the structure that forms the superior part of the nasal septum. • Superior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. 73 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 74 The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.20: CHECK Frontal Bone Frontal Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Frontal bone. POINT: 1. Name the structures that traverse the supraorbital notch. 2. Describe the supraorbital margin. 3. Name the sutures associated with the frontal bone. What bones does the frontal bone articulate with for each suture? • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. EXERCISE 3.21: Mandible • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Mandible. • Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A D C B A C B D F • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 74 E G I K J H bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 75 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ A E. ____________________________________________ B F. ____________________________________________ C G. ____________________________________________ D H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ E J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ G CHECK F POINT: Mandible 1. Name the bone structures that constitute the temporomandibular joint. 2. What structure is also known as the mandibular incisure? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.22: Maxilla • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Maxilla. CHECK • Medial and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. Maxilla • Click the flashing GO button. POINT: 1. Name a structure of the maxilla bone that contributes to voice resonance. 2. Name the function of the incisive canal. 3. Name the structure that forms the anterior three-quarters of the hard palate. 75 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 76 The Skeletal System H. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.23: I. ____________________________________________ Occipital Bone J. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Occipital bone. • Superior and inferior will be visible in the Select view menu. CHECK POINT: Occipital Bone 1. Name the structures that pass through the foramen magnum. 2. What is the function of the occipital condyles? 3. What structures are contained within the cerebellar fossa? • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.24: Parietal Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. A B D • From the Select topic menu, select Parietal bone. • Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. E F G I C H J • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ 76 • Click the flashing GO button. • There are no TAGS for this bone, but be sure to read the information in the STRUCTURE INFORMATION window. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 77 CHAPTER 3 CHECK The Skeletal System C. ____________________________________________ POINT: D. ____________________________________________ Parietal Bone E. ____________________________________________ 1. Name the bones that articulate with the parietal bone. 2. Name the sutures involved with each articulation listed in question 1. F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.25: J. ____________________________________________ Sphenoid Bone K. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. L. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Sphenoid bone. • Superior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. CHECK • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: Sphenoid Bone A C E G D P B H O Temporal Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. J K M 1. What structure is contained in the sella turcica? 2. Name the two structures transmitted through the optic canal. 3. Name the paired lateral projections of the sphenoid bone. EXERCISE 3.26: F I L POINT: N Q • From the Select topic menu, select Temporal bone. • Medial and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • Click the flashing GO button. A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ 77 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 78 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.27: Teeth A B E C F • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. D • From the Select topic menu, select Teeth. G • Superior and inferior will be visible in the Select view menu. H • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: I J K B E • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: F H I K P A D G C Q N A. ____________________________________________ J M L R O B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ S T E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ U V W AA Y Z X AB I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Temporal Bone 1. Name the bony canal that ends at the tympanic membrane. 2. Name the bony canal traversed by the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. 3. Name the bony structure containing the organs of hearing and equilibrium. 78 B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 79 CHAPTER 3 G.____________________________________________ H.____________________________________________ I.____________________________________________ J.____________________________________________ K.____________________________________________ L.____________________________________________ M.____________________________________________ The Skeletal System • From the Select topic menu, select Hyoid bone. • Anterior and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: N.____________________________________________ O.____________________________________________ P.____________________________________________ Q.____________________________________________ R.____________________________________________ A S.____________________________________________ T.____________________________________________ U.____________________________________________ V.____________________________________________ W.____________________________________________ B X.____________________________________________ Y.____________________________________________ F D H C G E Z.____________________________________________ AA.____________________________________________ AB.____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Teeth • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ 1. What four teeth are also known as “wisdom teeth”? 2. What structures are transmitted through the lesser palatine foramen? 3. What structures are transmitted through the greater palatine foramen? B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.28: G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ Hyoid Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. 79 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 80 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC button. • From the Select topic menu select Head and neck. • Click the flashing GO button. • From the Select view menu in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select Anterior–posterior. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: A A B C B C D D E F G H • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: J I K L A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: Hyoid Bone A. ____________________________________________ 1. Name the function of the greater horn of the hyoid bone. 2. Name the function of the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. 3. What muscles attach to the body of the hyoid bone? B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.29: H. ____________________________________________ Imaging—Head and Neck I. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen. J. ____________________________________________ 80 K. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 81 CHAPTER 3 Non-Skeletal System Structure (blue pin) The Skeletal System K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ • Click the Select view menu drop-down box in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel. M. ____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Lateral. Self Test • Click the TURN TAGS ON button and you will see the following image: Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton. • From the Select region menu, select Skull and associated bones. A • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. B C D E F H I K M G J L • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • Return to the Select test topic menu, and select Animation. • Click OK on the pop-up box. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ • From the Select animation menu, select Skull. • Multiple choice is visible in the Select test type menu. • ALL is visible in the Select number of questions menu. • Complete the SELF TEST and save your results. E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ 81 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 82 The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.30: Coloring Exercise names of important bones or bone features in the blank label lines. Look up the bones of the skull and then color them in with colored pens or pencils. Write the 1 S R L I 2 2 18 5 1 5 1 19 4 4 5 5 8 9 9 8 20 6 13 15 11 7 14 13 21 11 7 16 22 17 12 S 28 A 1 P 2 I 29 23 5 4 3 9 30 13 7 25 24 26 31 32 33 82 27 12 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 83 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System 39 34 13 7 7 7 35 7 40 13 2 36 10 10 41 5 2 5 5 14 4 5 37 42 50 26 4 A R 43 L 2 P 3 2 19 44 2 45 4 46 5 38 1 5 6 47 5 48 3 5 L P 49 A R Horizontal section 1 4 2 83 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 84 The Skeletal System ❑ 1.__________________________________________ ❑ 26.__________________________________________ ❑ 2.__________________________________________ ❑ 27.__________________________________________ ❑ 3.__________________________________________ ❑ 28.__________________________________________ ❑ 4.__________________________________________ ❑ 29.__________________________________________ ❑ 5.__________________________________________ ❑ 30.__________________________________________ ❑ 6.__________________________________________ ❑ 31.__________________________________________ ❑ 7.__________________________________________ ❑ 32.__________________________________________ ❑ 8.__________________________________________ ❑ 33.__________________________________________ ❑ 9.__________________________________________ ❑ 34.__________________________________________ ❑ 10.__________________________________________ ❑ 35.__________________________________________ ❑ 11.__________________________________________ ❑ 36.__________________________________________ ❑ 12.__________________________________________ ❑ 37.__________________________________________ ❑ 13.__________________________________________ ❑ 38.__________________________________________ ❑ 14.__________________________________________ ❑ 39.__________________________________________ ❑ 15.__________________________________________ ❑ 40.__________________________________________ ❑ 16.__________________________________________ ❑ 41.__________________________________________ ❑ 17.__________________________________________ ❑ 42.__________________________________________ ❑ 18.__________________________________________ ❑ 43.__________________________________________ ❑ 19.__________________________________________ ❑ 44.__________________________________________ ❑ 20.__________________________________________ ❑ 45.__________________________________________ ❑ 21.__________________________________________ ❑ 46.__________________________________________ ❑ 22.__________________________________________ ❑ 47.__________________________________________ ❑ 23.__________________________________________ ❑ 48.__________________________________________ ❑ 24.__________________________________________ ❑ 49.__________________________________________ ❑ 25.__________________________________________ ❑ 50.__________________________________________ I N R E V I E W What Have I Learned? 3. What passes through this foramen? T 4. Name the two bones that form the bridge of the he following questions cover the material that you just read, the introduction to the skeleton and the skeletal structures of the head and neck. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 1. The hard palate consists of which bones? 2. What is the name for the large foramen on the nose. 5. At the junction of the temporal and occipital bones, the internal jugular vein passes through which foramen? inferior side of the occipital bone? Continued 84 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 85 CHAPTER 3 6. The greater and lesser wings are parts of what bone? The Skeletal System 10. What bony landmark is defined as “a pit or socket”? 7. Name the bony canal of the external ear. What bone is it a part of? 8. What is the attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the skull? 11. What bony landmark is defined as “a hole through a bone, usually round”? 12. What bony landmark is defined as “a smooth, rounded knob”? 9. What bony landmark is defined as “any bony prominence”? Thoracic Cage and Vertebral Column • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.31: • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION button at the top of the screen. • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ VIEW button to continue. • From the Select topic menu, select Thoracic cage under the Thoracic cage and vertebral column heading. • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. A B Thoracic Cage C E D F G H I J K • Click the flashing GO button. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ 85 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 86 The Skeletal System D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ A D C B CHECK Thoracic Cage E G K F POINT: H I L M J N 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the thoracic cage. Define a true rib. How many are there? Define a false rib. How many are there? Define a floating rib. How many are there? EXERCISE 3.32: Imaging—Thorax O P • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen. • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC button. • From the Select topic menu select Thorax. A. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. B. ____________________________________________ • Posterior-anterior will be visible in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select. C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 86 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 87 CHAPTER 3 • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A A B B D F H K C E G I J D M L C • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: B. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structure (blue pin) D. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.33: Vertebral Column • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION button at the top of the screen. • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ VIEW button to continue. F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Vertebral column. • Anterior, posterior, and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. 87 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 88 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: CHECK POINT: Vertebral Column 1. Name the different groups of vertebrae. How many of each in a typical skeleton? 2. What structure passes through each intervertebral foramen? 3. Which vertebra has a dens? 4. Which vertebra has no vertebral body? C D F E G A H I K M B EXERCISE 3.34: J L O R Cervical Vertebra N P Q S • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Cervical vertebra. • Superior and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ A E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ B C G. ____________________________________________ H I. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ J M. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ 88 F G I J. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ D E H. ____________________________________________ K bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 89 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ A E. ____________________________________________ B F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ F D E C G H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ H J J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ CHECK I POINT: Cervical Vertebra 1. Name a characteristic unique to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. 2. What structure passes through this opening in C1-C6? 3. What is unique about the spinous process of most cervical vertebrae? 4. Which vertebra does not have a spinous process? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.35: Atlas (C1 Vertebra) • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Atlas (C1 vertebra). • Superior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Atlas (C1 Vertebra) 1. What is the most posterior structure of the Atlas (C1 vertebra)? 2. What is its function? 3. What structure is lacking on the atlas and coccygeal vertebrae that is present on all other vertebrae? 89 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 90 The Skeletal System H. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.36: I. ____________________________________________ Axis (C2 Vertebra) • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Axis (C2 Vertebra) • From the Select topic menu, select Axis (C2 vertebra). • Posterosuperior will be visible in the Select view menu. 1. Name a structure unique to the axis. 2. What is another name for this structure? 3. What does this structure represent? • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.37: Thoracic Vertebra • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. A • From the Select topic menu, select Thoracic vertebra. B C D E H F I • Superior and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. G • Click the flashing GO button. J • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: K A B D G • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ 90 E F H A. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ C J I K L bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 91 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ A C. ____________________________________________ F E. ____________________________________________ B C D D. ____________________________________________ E G F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ H K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ CHECK I POINT: Thoracic Vertebra 1. List the characteristic features of thoracic vertebrae. 2. How many thoracic vertebrae do you have? 3. Where are they located? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.38: Lumbar Vertebra • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Lumbar vertebra. • Superior and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Lumbar Vertebra 1. List the characteristic features of lumbar vertebrae. 2. How many lumbar vertebrae do you have? 3. Where are they located? 91 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 92 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.39: Sacrum and Coccyx • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. A B • From the Select topic menu, select Sacrum and coccyx. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. J E K • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: D C I L F H G M B A D • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ E C B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ 92 I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 93 CHAPTER 3 CHECK POINT: Sacrum and Coccyx 1. Name the landmark for establishing female pelvic dimensions. 2. Name the route for injection in caudal epidermal anesthesia. 3. Describe the coccyx. Self Test Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton. I N The Skeletal System • From the Select region menu, select Thoracic cage. • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • Return to the Select region menu, and take the SELF TEST for Vertebral column and Au: change to Axial skeleton. appendicular? • Complete each SELF TEST and save your results. R E V I E W What Have I Learned? T he following questions cover the material that you just read, the thoracic cage and vertebral column. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 7. Which vertebra has a dens? 8. Which vertebra has no vertebral body? 1. Describe the thoracic cage. 9. Name a characteristic unique to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. 2. Define a true rib. How many are there? 10. What structure passes through this opening in 3. Define a false rib. How many are there? 4. Define a floating rib. How many are there? C1-C6? 11. What is unique about the spinous process of most cervical vertebrae? 5. Name the different groups of vertebrae. How many of each in a typical skeleton? 12. Which vertebra does not have a spinous process? 6. What structure passes through each intervertebral foramen? Continued 93 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 94 The Skeletal System Continued 13. What is the most posterior structure of the Atlas 21. Where are they located? (C1 vertebra)? 22. List the characteristic features of lumbar 14. What is its function? 15. What structure is lacking on the atlas and vertebrae. 23. How many lumbar vertebrae do you have? coccygeal vertebrae that is present on all other vertebrae? 24. Where are they located? 16. Name a structure unique to the axis. 25. Name the landmark for establishing female pelvic dimensions. 17. What is another name for this structure? 26. Name the route for injection in caudal epidermal 18. What does this structure represent? 19. List the characteristic features of thoracic anesthesia. 27. Describe the coccyx. vertebrae. 20. How many thoracic vertebrae do you have? Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb EXERCISE 3.40: Shoulder and Arm, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. 94 • From the Select topic menu, select Shoulder and arm under the Pectoral girdle and upper limb heading. • From the Select view menu select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 95 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ A F E D I H J K L M B C W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ G Y. ___________________________________________ N Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ O R AB. ___________________________________________ P Q AC. ___________________________________________ S T AD. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.41: U W Y AB Z AC Shoulder and Arm, Posterior View V X AA AD • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Shoulder and arm, if it is not already selected. • From the Select view menu select Posterior. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ A B F G H. ____________________________________________ E H I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ J M L N O Q N. ____________________________________________ D I K K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ C P O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T S 95 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 96 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu select Shoulder and arm. • Click the flashing GO button. • Anterior-posterior will be visible in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ A H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ E B C D F K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ G N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Shoulder and Arm 1. Which bony structures form the glenohumeral joint? 2. How many ribs do you have? 3. Both true and false ribs articulate with ______. 4. Name the characteristic features of the scapula. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.42: Imaging—Shoulder and Arm • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen. • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC button. 96 EXERCISE 3.43: Clavicle • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION button at the top of the screen. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 97 CHAPTER 3 • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ VIEW button to continue. The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • From the Select topic menu, select Clavicle. • Superior and inferior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: B A C A C D B D E F • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: D. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ CHECK B. ____________________________________________ Clavicle C. ____________________________________________ 1. The medial end of the clavicle articulates . . . . 2. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates . . . . 3. Another name for the clavicle is . . . . D. ____________________________________________ POINT: E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.44: Scapula • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. 97 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 98 The Skeletal System • From the Select topic menu, select Scapula. • Anterior, posterior, and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A A D B C B C E D E G K F H L J M G I N O H F N O I J L K P P R Q M • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ 98 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 99 CHAPTER 3 CHECK The Skeletal System E. ____________________________________________ POINT: F. ____________________________________________ Scapula G. ____________________________________________ 1. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections. 2. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark. H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.45: K. ____________________________________________ Humerus L. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. M. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Humerus. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A B N C E D M N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: M A B C N D E O F P F G O G H I K Q H P I J J K L R Q R L • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 99 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 100 The Skeletal System E. ____________________________________________ A F. ____________________________________________ D G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ E I. ____________________________________________ I J. ____________________________________________ L L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ U O. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Humerus O R N. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ F G H J K. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ B C AB W X AC AE K P M N V Q S Y T AA Z AD AF • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ 1. How many necks are on the proximal end of the humerus? Where are they located? 2. Which neck is a common site for fractures? 3. Why is your elbow referred to as your “funny bone”? B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.46: G. ____________________________________________ Forearm and Hand, Anterior View H. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. I. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Forearm and hand. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ 100 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 101 CHAPTER 3 V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A.____________________________________________ B.____________________________________________ C.____________________________________________ D.____________________________________________ E.____________________________________________ F.____________________________________________ G.____________________________________________ H.____________________________________________ I.____________________________________________ J.____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.47: Forearm and Hand, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. K.____________________________________________ L.____________________________________________ M.____________________________________________ N.____________________________________________ O.____________________________________________ P.____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Forearm and hand, if it is not already selected. Q.____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu select Posterior. S.____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. T.____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: U.____________________________________________ R.____________________________________________ V.____________________________________________ W.____________________________________________ A C X.____________________________________________ B D Y.____________________________________________ Z.____________________________________________ AA.____________________________________________ AB.____________________________________________ E H F G NI K J L M P O Q R S T U W V X Y Z AA AB CHECK POINT: Forearm and Hand 1. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral to medial. 2. List the distal carpal bones from lateral to medial. 3. List the phalanges of fingers II through V from proximal to distal. 4. List the phalanges of finger I from proximal to distal. 101 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 CHAPTER 3 2:12 PM Page 102 The Skeletal System J. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.48: K. ____________________________________________ Radius and Ulna • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Radius and ulna. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: L A M B N C D O A C E G D P E F G H J F Q R T B H I S J I K L • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: K A. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: B. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ 102 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 103 CHAPTER 3 I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: D. ____________________________________________ Radius and Ulna E. ____________________________________________ 1. Describe the interosseous membrane of the forearm. 2. What structure holds the radio-ulnar joint in place? 3. Name the distal pointed projection of the radius. Of the ulna? F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.49: L. ____________________________________________ Wrist and Hand, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Wrist and hand M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. S. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. T. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window and you will see the following image: U. ____________________________________________ V. ____________________________________________ W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ A C E B H F EXERCISE 3.50: I S R V • From the Select topic menu, select Wrist and hand, if it is not already selected. J N P T U Wrist and Hand, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. L O G K M D Q • From the Select view menu select Posterior. W • Click the flashing GO button. X 103 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 104 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.51: A B C E H J F I K N P O Wrist and Hand, Anterior and Posterior View D G L M Q R S • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Wrist and hand, if it is not already selected. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior and posterior. • Click the flashing GO button. T U • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: T A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ A C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ W C ED H I M K N O U V B X Y F G L J Z AA AB AD AE AC P Q AF H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ R J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ S L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: P. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ 104 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 105 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System C. ___________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________ P E. ___________________________________________ B A C F. ___________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ G F E H J M J. ___________________________________________ N K R L S K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ I Q D O T M. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ O. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ AF. ___________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ 105 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 CHECK 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 106 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Wrist and Hand 1. Name the lateral bone of the forearm. 2. Name the medial bone of the forearm. 3. How are the fingers numbered? A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.52: E. ____________________________________________ Imaging—Wrist and Hand F. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen. G. ____________________________________________ • Click the Select view menu drop-down box in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel. • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC button. • From the Select view menu, select Posterioranterior. • From the Select topic menu select Wrist and hand. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: • Click the flashing GO button. • From the Select view menu in the IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select Anteriorposterior. A B • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: C D E F J A L M K B P C G I H N Q O D • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: E G F A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 106 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 107 CHAPTER 3 E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton. • From the Select region menu, select Upper limb. • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • Complete the SELF TEST, and save your results. Self Test Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, I N R E V I E W What Have I Learned? 5. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark of the scapula. T he following questions cover the material that you just learned: the pectoral girdle and upper limb. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 1. Which bony structures form the glenohumeral 6. How many necks are on the proximal end of the humerus? Where are they located? joint? 7. Which neck is a common site for fractures? 2. Name the characteristic features of the scapula. 8. Why is your elbow referred to as your “funny 3. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates ______. bone”? 4. Name a landmark of the scapula for intramuscular injections. Continued 107 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 108 The Skeletal System Continued 9. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral to 16. Name the lateral bone of the forearm. medial. 17. Name the medial bone of the forearm. 10. List the distal carpal bones from lateral to medial. 18. Name the bones and the bony structures that form the shoulder joint. 11. List the phalanges of fingers II through V from proximal to distal. 19. Name the wrist bone with a prominent hook (hamulus). 12. List the phalanges of finger I from proximal to distal. 20. What term describes a bone embedded in a ten13. Describe the interosseous membrane of the don? Which wrist bone is embedded in a tendon? Which tendon? forearm. 21. Name the prominent ridge on the posterior 14. What structure holds the radio-ulnar joint in scapula. place? 22. Name the eight wrist bones. 15. Name the distal pointed projection of the radius. Of the ulna? Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb EXERCISE 3.53: Hip and Thigh, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION button at the top of the screen. 108 • You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ VIEW button to continue. • From the Select topic menu, select Hip and thigh under the Pelvic girdle and lower limb heading. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 109 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System S.____________________________________________ T.____________________________________________ U.____________________________________________ A D B E G H K L I C F V.____________________________________________ W.____________________________________________ J M O N R P Q X.____________________________________________ Y.____________________________________________ Z.____________________________________________ AA.____________________________________________ S EXERCISE 3.54: T Hip and Thigh, Posterior View U W V AA X Y Z • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Hip and thigh, if it is not already selected. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ • From the Select view menu, select Posterior. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ A B D E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ G C E H I J H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ K L N F M O P J. ____________________________________________ Q K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ R M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ S O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ V T U Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ 109 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 110 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Pelvis. • Superior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ A B I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ E F K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ C D L H G I J M K N N. ____________________________________________ P O. ____________________________________________ O P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R Q R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: U. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ V. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: D. ____________________________________________ Hip and Thigh E. ____________________________________________ 1. Describe the patella. 2. Describe the sacrum. 3. Name the enlarged distal ends of the femur. F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.55: J. ____________________________________________ Pelvis K. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. L. ____________________________________________ 110 M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 111 CHAPTER 3 P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: C. ____________________________________________ Pelvis D. ____________________________________________ 1. Name the synovial joint between the sacrum and the ilium. 2. How much movement does this joint allow? Why? 3. Name the landmark for administering anesthetic during childbirth. E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.56: K. ____________________________________________ Pelvic Girdle—Female L. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. M. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Pelvic girdle—female. N. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A D B C E I A B C J N P Q D G F H N X O R T S V G K L U W E J L F H M I K M • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ 111 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 112 The Skeletal System C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Pelvic girdle—male. • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ A B C O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ D F E G S. ____________________________________________ H T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ V. ____________________________________________ I M K N J L W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: Pelvic Girdle—Female A. ____________________________________________ 1. In the pregnant female, what events occur with the pubic symphysis? 2. Describe the subpubic angle. 3. The subpubic angle in females is usually _________ degrees. B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.57: Pelvic Girdle—Male • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ 112 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 113 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ U. ____________________________________________ A V. ____________________________________________ B F E H I J C D K G W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ L CHECK N Q O UT M P S V W POINT: Pelvic Girdle—Male R X • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ 1. Describe the difference between the male and female obturator foramena. 2. What structures are found in the right iliac fossa? The left iliac fossa? 3. The subpubic angle in males is usually _________ degrees. EXERCISE 3.58: Hip Bone • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Hip bone. • Medial and lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ 113 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 114 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ Q R V. ____________________________________________ S • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: T A B C U. ____________________________________________ U D E F H L O O V K J P A G I P M N C I M S V X W F H G T U E • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ R B D Q Z Y J K L N B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ 114 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 115 CHAPTER 3 L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System H DC B A I N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ E F J L K M P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ G N T. ____________________________________________ O U. ____________________________________________ Q V. ____________________________________________ W. ____________________________________________ X. ____________________________________________ P T R S Y. ____________________________________________ Z. ____________________________________________ CHECK POINT: Hip Bone • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ 1. Describe the acetabulum. 2. Name a hip landmark for intramuscular injections. 3. Name a hip landmark for administering anesthetic during childbirth. C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.59: H. ____________________________________________ Femur I. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. J. ____________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Femur. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. Q. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ 115 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 116 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A B U. ____________________________________________ CHECK H J C T. ____________________________________________ I K L D M POINT: Femur 1. Name a common site of femur fractures, especially in the elderly. 2. What correlation exists between the length of the femur and body height? 3. Name the central depression of the head of the femur. E EXERCISE 3.60: F G N P R T Patella O S Q U • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Patella. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ C I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ 116 A B D bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 117 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ___________________________________________ B. ___________________________________________ C. ___________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________ CHECK E. ___________________________________________ POINT: F. ___________________________________________ Patella 1. Describe the location of the patella. 2. What structures form the knee joint? 3. What affect does the patella have on the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle? G. ___________________________________________ H. ___________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.61: L. ___________________________________________ Leg and Foot, Anterior View M. ___________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. N. ___________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Leg and foot. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: O. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ Q. ___________________________________________ R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ A B E C D F X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ G H J AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ I L M K N RO P Q S T V U X Z WY AB A A AC 117 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 118 The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.62: Leg and Foot, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Leg and foot, if it is not already selected. • From the Select view menu, select Posterior. H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. Q. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: R. ____________________________________________ S. ____________________________________________ T. ____________________________________________ B A U. ____________________________________________ C F D E H I L K M N O P Q RST U • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ 118 POINT: Leg and Foot G J CHECK 1. What bone forms the connecting link between the foot and the leg? 2. What bone contributes to the knee and ankle joints? 3. Name the largest tarsal bone. Where is it located? EXERCISE 3.63: Tibia and Fibula • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Tibia and fibula. • Anterior and posterior will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 119 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A C B E D G F H I • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C L M The Skeletal System A J L E F G P M N Q K R I K J D N O B H O P • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: Q • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ 119 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 CHECK 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 120 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Tibia and Fibula 1. What structure on the tibia contributes to the ankle joint? 2. What structure on the fibula contributes to the ankle joint? 3. What is unique about the anterior shaft of the tibia? A. ___________________________________________ B. ___________________________________________ C. ___________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.64: G. ___________________________________________ Ankle and Foot H. ___________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ K. ___________________________________________ L. ___________________________________________ • From the Select topic menu, select Ankle and foot. M. ___________________________________________ • Superior and inferior will be visible in the Select view menu. O. ___________________________________________ N. ___________________________________________ P. ___________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. Q. ___________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: R. ___________________________________________ S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ B A C L E D T F S G H Y U J V. ___________________________________________ X. ___________________________________________ V Y. ___________________________________________ X Z W AB AC AE AD K U. ___________________________________________ W. ___________________________________________ AA I 120 M P N O R Q Z. ___________________________________________ AA. ___________________________________________ AB. ___________________________________________ AC. ___________________________________________ AD. ___________________________________________ AE. ___________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 121 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System S. ___________________________________________ T. ___________________________________________ U. ___________________________________________ V. ___________________________________________ A B Q C F D U E K N P M X. ___________________________________________ Y. ___________________________________________ G H L W. ___________________________________________ R S T Z. ___________________________________________ V I AA. ___________________________________________ J AB. ___________________________________________ O W X Y AB AA AC. ___________________________________________ Z CHECK AC • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: POINT: Ankle and Foot 1. Name the structure commonly called the “ball of the foot”. 2. Name the structures that are the surface contact points on the plantar foot. 3. List three common names for digit I of the foot. A. ____________________________________________ Self Test B. ____________________________________________ Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ R. ____________________________________________ • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton. • From the Select region menu, select Lower limb. • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select region menu, select Appendicular skeleton. Au: Correct? (in order of CD) 121 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 122 The Skeletal System • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • Complete the SELF TEST, and save your results. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. I N R E V I E W What Have I Learned? 9. How much movement does this joint allow? Why? T he following questions cover the material that you have just learned: the pelvic girdle and lower limb. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 1. Where on the femur does the lateral collateral 10. Name the landmark for administering anesthetic during childbirth. ligament attach? 11. In the pregnant female, what events occur with 2. How many tarsal bones are there on each foot? the pubic symphysis? Name them. 12. The subpubic angle in females is usually 3. The head of which bone is commonly referred to _________________ degrees. as the “ball of the foot”? 13. The subpubic angle in males is usually 4. Name the small bones of the toes. How many of _________________ degrees. these bones make up each toe? 14. Describe the difference between the male and 5. Name the two enlargement of the distal femur. Au: Okay as set? female obturator foramena. What structures do they articulate with? 15. Name a hip landmark for intramuscular injections. 6. Describe the patella. 16. Name a hip landmark for administering anes7. Describe the sacrum. 8. Name the synovial joint between the sacrum and the ilium. 122 thetic during childbirth. 17. Name a common site of femur fractures, especially in the elderly. bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 123 CHAPTER 3 18. What correlation exists between the length of the femur and body height? 19. Name the central depression of the head of the The Skeletal System 22. What bone contributes to the knee and ankle joints? 23. Name the largest tarsal bone. Where is it located? femur. 24. What structure on the tibia contributes to the 20. What structures form the knee joint? 21. What bone forms the connecting link between the foot and the leg? HEADS UP! ankle joint? 25. What structure on the fibula contributes to the ankle joint? 2. What is the most common type of joint? With the study of the joints, or articulations, we can tie together the concepts that you have learned in the Skeletal System and integrate them with those you will learn in the next chapter – the Muscular System. With this in 3. How many types of synovial joints are found in the body? What distinguishes each one from the others? mind, you will want to refer back to this section of the Skeletal System while you are working on the Muscular System. 4. Which type of synovial joint allows the most mobility? Give an example. Animation: Synovial Joint • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the ANIMATIONS button at the top of the screen. 5. Which type of synovial joint allows the least mobility? Give an example. • From the Select animation menu, select Synovial joint. • Click the Play button, and view the animation. 6. A typical synovial joint is characterized by . . . . • After viewing the animation, answer these questions: 1. A joint is . . . . 7. Describe the joint capsule. 123 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 124 The Skeletal System 8. What is synovial fluid? Where is it produced? 9. What tissue covers the surface of adjoining bones? What is its function? 10. What is the function of the meniscus of the knee joint? A B 11. What is the function of bursae? • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: EXERCISE 3.65: Temporomandibular Joint • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or from the Skeletal System Animations Screen, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • From the Select topic menu, select Temporomandibular joint under the Joints heading. • Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A B C D E F 124 G bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 125 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ The Skeletal System I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: H I B C J D M N EK L A F O G P D E B F H A C G I J • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ 125 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 126 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: CHECK POINT: Temporomandibular Joint F G B C I H N Q 1. Name the structure that encloses the temporomandibular joint. 2. What is the function of the synovial membrane? 3. What is the function of the lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint? 4. What is the cause of “jaw clicking”? 5. What is the location of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint? D A EXERCISE 3.66: J K L P M E Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint O • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. A. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________ 126 A B C bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 127 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ____________________________________________ B B. ____________________________________________ C C. ____________________________________________ A D E • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: F H A G I B J L K M C D E • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ F G B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) H. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ 127 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 128 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A B C D A B H E C F D H E F G G J I I K L M • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ 128 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 129 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 6 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: CHECK The Skeletal System POINT: Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 1. Name the structure enclosing the acromioclavicular joint. 2. What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament? 3. What is the function of the coracoclavicular ligament? 4. What is the result of a torn coracoclavicular ligament? 5. Name the tough, fibrous envelope of the glenohumeral joint. A B C D G E F H J I K EXERCISE 3.67: L M Elbow Joint • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • From the Select topic menu, select Elbow joint. • Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu. A. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ A B L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ 129 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 130 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: B C D A E B C D E H J F G H I K N L M O P F G I J K • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ 130 C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 131 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: E F G A H B A B C D J C D E F H I I J G K L • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ CHECK • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ POINT: Elbow Joint 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name the structure that encloses the elbow joint. What is the function of the radial collateral ligament? What is the function of the ulnar collateral ligament? What is the function of the anular ligament of the radius? Name the bones associated with the elbow joint. 131 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 132 The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.68: B Knee Joint, Anterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Knee joint. • From the Select view menu, select Anterior. A • Click the flashing GO button. • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A A. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pin) B. ____________________________________________ B • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ A E B D F C. ____________________________________________ G • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the image at the top of the next column: 132 C Au: Plural okay? bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 133 CHAPTER 3 • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A. ____________________________________________ A B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ B D E G. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: F C G H I J K A L M N B D F E G H C • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ I B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ J E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ 133 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 134 The Skeletal System EXERCISE 3.69: • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: Knee Joint, Posterior View • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Knee joint, if it is not already selected. A • From the Select view menu, select Posterior. B • Click the flashing GO button. C E D • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: G F H J I K A • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pin on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structure: A. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ 134 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 135 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: D A B F E J A B I H K • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C G The Skeletal System D E C G F L M N • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 136 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window and you will see the following image: CHECK POINT: Knee Joint A B C I D E F G 1. Name the structures that make up the “unhappy triad.” 2. Why are these structures referred to as the “unhappy triad”? 3. Name a ligament absent in approximately 40 percent of knees. 4. What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament? 5. What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament? H J EXERCISE 3.70: K Ankle Joint, Lateral View L M • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Ankle joint. • From the Select view menu, select Lateral. A. ____________________________________________ • Click the flashing GO button. B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ 136 A B bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 137 CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A B C D E F C F G E H D B I A • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) C. ____________________________________________ C D. ____________________________________________ D E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the image at the top of the next column: E A B F G bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 138 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.71: F. ____________________________________________ Ankle Joint, Medial View G. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu, select Ankle joint, if it is not already selected. • From the Select view menu, select Medial. A • Click the flashing GO button. B • Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: E C D J G N F H I K M L A • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pin on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structure: G. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________ 138 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 139 CHAPTER 3 • Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ B F. ____________________________________________ C • Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: A Au: Plural okay? • Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: C D A B A. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ • Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: • Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) A D B E C F C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ 139 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 140 The Skeletal System • Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS window, and you will see the following image: CHECK POINT: Ankle Joint 1. Name the strongest tendon of the body. Why is it considered the strongest? 2. What is the extensor retinaculum of the foot? What is its function? 3. What is the function of the lateral ligament of the ankle? 4. What is the flexor retinaculum of the foot? What is its function? 5. What is the function of the medial (deltoid) ligament of the ankle? A C K I B D G E H F J Self Test L M Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton. • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________ • From the Select region menu, select Joints. • From the Select test type menu, select Click to identify. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test type menu, select Multiple choice. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • After completing the SELF TEST and saving your results, click the Select test topic menu, select Animation. • From the Select animation menu, select Synovial joint. • Multiple choice is visible in the Select test type menu. • ALL is visible in the Select number of questions menu. • Complete the SELF TEST and save your results. 140 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 141 CHAPTER 3 I N The Skeletal System R E V I E W What Have I Learned? 8. Name the bones associated with the elbow joint. T 9. Name the structures that make up the “unhappy he following questions cover the material that you have just learned: joints. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 1. Name the structure that encloses the temporo- triad.” mandibular joint. 10. Name a ligament absent in approximately 2. What is the function of the synovial membrane? 3. What is the cause of “jaw clicking”? 4. Name the structure enclosing the acromioclavicular joint. 40 percent of knees. 11. What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament? 12. What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament? 5. What is the result of a torn coracoclavicular ligament? 13. Name the strongest tendon of the body. Why is it considered the strongest? 6. Name the tough, fibrous envelope of the glenohumeral joint. 14. What is the extensor retinaculum of the foot? What is its function? 7. Name the structure that encloses the elbow joint. EXERCISE 3.72: Histology—Elastic Cartilage • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the HISTOLOGY button at the top of the screen. • From the Select topic menu select Elastic cartilage. • Click the flashing GO button. A B C D E • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the image to the right: 141 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 142 The Skeletal System • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ EXERCISE 3.74: Histology—Hyaline Cartilage • Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in the CURRENT TOPIC window. • From the Select topic menu select Hyaline cartilage. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.73: Histology—Fibrous Cartilage • Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in the CURRENT TOPIC window. • From the Select topic menu select Fibrous cartilage. • Click the flashing GO button. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: B A C D E A B • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ 142 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 143 CHAPTER 3 EXERCISE 3.75: The Skeletal System • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: Histology—Compact Bone • Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in the CURRENT TOPIC window. • From the Select topic menu select Compact bone. • Click the flashing GO button. A • From the Select magnification menu select Low magnification. • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: B D C E F C B D A • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________ • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________ • From the Select magnification menu select High magnification. EXERCISE 3.76: Histology—Cancellous Bone • Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in the CURRENT TOPIC window. • From the Select topic menu select Cancellous bone. • Click the flashing GO button. 143 bro78143_03_49-144.QXD CHAPTER 3 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 144 The Skeletal System • Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will see the following image: • Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures: A. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________ Self Test A B C Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the SELF TEST. • From the opening screen for the Skeletal System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of the screen. • From the Select test topic menu, select Histology. • From the Select number of questions menu, select ALL. • Complete the SELF TEST and save your results. I N R E V I E W What Have I Learned? 6. Describe an osteon. T 7. Describe a perforating canal. he following questions cover the material that you have just learned: histology. Apply what you have learned in answering these questions: 1. Name the outer layer of most cartilage. 8. Interstitial lamellae result from 2. Give four examples of elastic cartilage. 3. What are lacunae? What are contained within _________________. 9. What component of bone tissue is essential to bone nutrition, growth, and repair? the lacunae? 4. Give four examples of fibrous cartilage. 5. What is the function of the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium? 144 10. What are trabeculae?