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Presented by: Maude Le Roux, OTR/L, RCTC Sofia, Bulgaria May 2012 www.atotalapproach.com Neurons that Fire together, wire together! www.atotalapproach.com 12 Cranial Nerves www.atotalapproach.com 1. Olfactory Nerve • Influences sense of smell to enhance, dampen and adapt to odors • Directly projecting into limbic system (emotions) • Arousal, bonding, reproduction, memory and safety www.atotalapproach.com 2. Optic Nerve • Peripheral and Central Vision • Monitoring, scanning, searching environment for possible danger • Discrimination • Direction of the eye, hand, and body in and through near and far space www.atotalapproach.com 3. Oculomotor; 4. Trochlear; 5. Abducens Extrinsic eye movements for convergence, divergence, scanning and tracking Involuntary eye movements such as pupillary constriction, dilation and accommodation Binocular coordination to support for depth perception, acuity, fixation, and smooth pursuits www.atotalapproach.com 6. Trigeminal Nerve Muscles of mastication and soft palate for sucking, chewing, initiation of swallowing, phonation Touch, pain, temperature for eyes and temporal area of face Serves Tensor Tympani, scalp, face, teeth, sockets, tongue, palate, mucosal membrane of nose (breath) Attention, articulation, auditory processing www.atotalapproach.com 7. Facial Nerve Facial Expression, stapedius muscles Verbal / non-verbal communication Salivation Tear glands Subcortical influences to express emotions Taste Midline Orientation www.atotalapproach.com 8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve Extensor Tone throughout the body Balance Detection of position in space Hearing Muscle tone, protective reactions Equilibrium responses Orientation www.atotalapproach.com 9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve Swallowing Pharynx, Larynx Gag reflex Phonation Taste - posterior third Oxygen consumption Blood pressure www.atotalapproach.com 10. Vagus Nerve Muscles of palate, uvula and palatal arch, pharynx, vocal cords, swallow, respiration, disgestive function Heart rate, respiration. Esophagus, stomach Taste – base of tongue and palate www.atotalapproach.com Ear to the Eye: c.n. III and VI Cranial Nerve III is Oculomotor and c.n.VI is Abducens, which controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. www.atotalapproach.com Pathways of the Vestibular Reflex. Cranial Nerves 3, 4, 6, 8, and 11 are shown. 3=oculomotor 4=trochlear 6=abducens 8=vestibular/cochlear (hearing and balance) 11=spinoaccessory, which controls specific muscles of the neck. www.atotalapproach.com 11. Accessory Nerve Not true cranial nerve, since receptors are located in the spinal cord C1-5 input for respiration Joins Vagus nerve to pharynx and larynx Trapezoid and sternocleidomastoid Head posture / control for gradation and stability www.atotalapproach.com 12. Hypoglossal Nerve Movement of the tongue Sucking, swallowing, breathing Speech Language Self-regulation Mother – infant bonding www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway www.atotalapproach.com The Auditory Pathway First stop is the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. Nerve fibres originating from different parts of the cochlea are geometrically mapped onto specific regions within the cochlear nucleus. Spatial mapping of the cochlea onto the cochlear nucleus translates, therefore, into a map of preferred stimulus frequency within the cochlear nucleus www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (Continued) Tonotopic map very similar to the retinotopic map found in the visual system. This spatial organization allows the nervous system to analyze the overall frequency content of an auditory stimulus. Some cochlear nucleus neurons fire only a single action potential abruptly and reliably just at the onset of a tone at their preferred frequency www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (continued) Neurons extract precise information about the time of onset of an arriving sound stimulus Other neurons remain silent at the onset of a stimulus, then increase their firing rate during a sustained tone www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (continued) Two parallel pathways lead from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior nucleus. A direct, bilateral projection of axons of the cochlear nucleus neurons. Indirect path via an intermediate brainstem nucleus, the superior olivary nucleus (superior olive) Give rise to efferent axons that project back to the cochlea www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (continued) Main function of superior olive is to process aspects of auditory information related to the localization of sound sources in the external environment. Sounds coming from left or right side of head are differentiated through higher intensity and difference (microseconds) in time it reaches both ears. The Superior Olive registers these very refined differences. www.atotalapproach.com Superior Olive Auditory Pathway (continued) When we turn our heads from side to side to localize a sound, you are trying to help your superior olives to gain more information to track down the source. Superior Olive and the cochlear nucleus neurons join to form the track of the lateral lemniscis. This track ends in the inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus on each side of the brain receives information from both ears. www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (continued) The thalamus is the gateway to the auditory cortex The medial geniculate nucleus is the nucleus relevant to the auditory system Projections from here to the cortex is primarily ipsilateral The primary auditory cortex is located in superior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex (Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42). www.atotalapproach.com www.atotalapproach.com Auditory Pathway (continued) Tonotopic map of cochlear www.atotalapproach.com nucleus in brainstem also present in auditory cortex. This map is represented multiple times for different functions of auditory system. One dimension is frequency columns Cells have same frequency preference for sound stimuli Columns of frequency preference range consistently from low to high frequency across the surface of the cortex Auditory Pathway (continued) Again, you find a similar orientation as in the visual cortex. Other axis of two dimensional array in the auditory cortex consists of binaural columns Summation column – cells respond best to sound stimuli presented simultaneously to both ears Suppression column – cells respond best to a stimulus in only one ear. Functional significance not quite extrapolated by science as yet. www.atotalapproach.com Thank you for listening! Have a nice day! The end