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Table of Contents
Understanding the Human Body
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. iv
Correlation to National Science Education Standards .............................................................1
Body Structure
Cells: The Building Blocks of Life ............................................................................................. 3
What’s in a Cell? ...................................................................................................................... 4
Tissue Types ............................................................................................................................ 5
Mystery Organs ....................................................................................................................... 6
Scrambled Organs ................................................................................................................... 7
Body Systems .......................................................................................................................... 8
Skeletal System
Five Functions of Your Skeletal System ................................................................................... 9
Bones by the Numbers .......................................................................................................... 10
Bizarre Bones ........................................................................................................................ 11
Bone Up on Bones ................................................................................................................. 12
What’s in a Bone? .................................................................................................................. 13
Shape Up Those Bones ......................................................................................................... 14
What Bone Am I? ................................................................................................................... 15
Bare Bones ............................................................................................................................ 16
Double Duty ........................................................................................................................... 17
Odd Thing Out ....................................................................................................................... 18
Joined Together ...................................................................................................................... 19
Which Joint Do You Use? ....................................................................................................... 20
Muscular System
The Muscular System ............................................................................................................ 21
What Makes a Muscle? .......................................................................................................... 22
Types of Muscle Tissue .......................................................................................................... 23
Muscle Up! ............................................................................................................................. 24
Move Those Muscles! ............................................................................................................ 25
The Truth About Muscles ....................................................................................................... 26
Major Muscles ........................................................................................................................ 27
Mystery Muscles .................................................................................................................... 28
Muscle Mastery ...................................................................................................................... 29
Circulatory System
The Circulatory System ......................................................................................................... 30
Help Wanted! ......................................................................................................................... 31
Heart Parts ............................................................................................................................. 32
Blood Flow ............................................................................................................................. 33
Everything in Threes .............................................................................................................. 34
Circulation True and False ..................................................................................................... 35
Blood, Blood, and More Blood ............................................................................................... 36
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Understanding the Human Body
Table of Contents
Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System .......................................................................................................... 37
Faulty Lymphatic Facts .......................................................................................................... 38
Digestive System
Yum! ........................................................................................................................................ 39
The Digestive System ............................................................................................................ 40
Coming Through .................................................................................................................... 41
Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion ....................................................................................... 42
Know Your Digestive Organs .................................................................................................. 43
Whose Job Is It? .................................................................................................................... 45
What’s Where? ....................................................................................................................... 46
Respiratory System
The Respiratory System ........................................................................................................ 47
Travelogue .............................................................................................................................. 48
Respiratory Parts and Pieces ................................................................................................ 49
Take a Deep Breath! .............................................................................................................. 51
Breathing vs. Respiration ....................................................................................................... 52
Excretory System
The Excretory System ...........................................................................................................53
The Urinary Tract ...................................................................................................................54
A Closer Look at Your Kidneys ...............................................................................................55
Urinary System True or False .................................................................................................56
The Skin .................................................................................................................................57
Nervous System
The Nervous System ............................................................................................................. 58
A Stimulating Morning ............................................................................................................ 59
The Brain ............................................................................................................................... 60
Neurons ................................................................................................................................. 61
Follow the Path ...................................................................................................................... 62
Endocrine System
The Endocrine System .......................................................................................................... 63
Endocrine Info ........................................................................................................................ 64
The Senses
Sight ........................................................................................................................................ 65
Hearing ................................................................................................................................... 66
Taste ...................................................................................................................................... 67
Smell ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Touch ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Yucky, Gross Body Report ........................................................................................................... 70
Healthy Tips ................................................................................................................................. 71
Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 72
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
iii
Understanding the Human Body
Introduction
Introduction
The human body is one of the most complex and fascinating organisms in existence.
Having a basic understanding of how it functions is valuable knowledge. This book is designed
to be a resource for teachers and parents to enhance and extend a textbook unit on the human
body. It can be used as a tool to review already-covered concepts or even as a way to present
new learning in a straightforward, simple way.
The units cover cells, tissues, organs, the major body systems (skeletal, muscular,
circulatory, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, excretory, nervous, and endocrine), as well as the
five senses. Basic information is presented in a text format that is open and less dense than many
texts. This makes it more readable and less intimidating for many students. Activities connected
with the basic information provide opportunities for reviewing what has been presented.
Key terms appear in boldface. Many pages include Far Out Facts, which are fun tidbits
of information that make the study of the human body even more fascinating. Also included
are a number of Webwise websites that provide students the opportunity to further explore
particular systems or concepts presented in the activities. Several of the websites relate to
various body systems and are listed in each appropriate section.
A correlation to the National Science Education Standards is included on the next page.
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
iv
Understanding the Human Body
Body Structure
Cells: The Building Blocks Of Life
Far Out Fact: The average adult male has more than 100 trillion cells in his body.
Webwise: www.cellsalive.com
The human body is made of up of trillions of tiny parts called cells. There are all different
types of cells within you. There are bone cells, blood cells, skin cells, heart cells ... and so
forth. Cells don’t all look alike, but all cells have some things in common.
Here are some main parts of a cell and what they do:
• Cell membrane: Acts sort of like a skin around the outside of the cell. It helps control
which materials can go in and out of the cell. It lets oxygen and food in and waste products
out. This helps maintain the chemical balance in and around the cell.
• Nucleus: Acts like the brain of the cell. It controls the cell’s activities, just as your brain
controls your body’s activities. A thread-like hereditary material inside the nucleus called
chromatin is made of protein and DNA. DNA is like a set of chemical instructions that tell
the cell what to do.
• Cytoplasm: Gelatin-like substance inside the membrane containing water and
chemicals.
• Organelles: Inside the cytoplasm are a variety of small structures sometimes called
organelles. Each has a job in the cell.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum: Moves
Nucleus
material within the cell sort of
Cell Membrane
like it was on conveyor belts. It is
Golgi bodies
a folded membrane.
• Ribosomes: Some are attached
to the endoplasmic reticulum;
others are just in the cytoplasm.
They receive directions from the
DNA to make proteins.
Cytoplasm
• Golgi Bodies: Pack up the waste
proteins to move them outside
the cell.
• Mitochondria: Uses food molMitochondria
ecules to make and release en- Ribosomes
ergy.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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3
Body Structure
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
What’s in a Cell?
Use the words from the word bank to name each part described below. Then use the
names of the parts to label the drawing of a cell.
nucleus
chromatin
cell membrane
Golgi bodies
cytoplasm
ribosomes
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
1. Gelatin-like substance where the work of the cell is done
2. Thread-like hereditary material made of DNA and proteins
3. Packages materials to take outside the cell
4. Cells make their proteins on these two-part structures.
5. Directs all the activities of the cell
6. Releases energy for the cell
7. Outer boundary of cell that controls what goes in and out of it
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
4
Understanding the Human Body
Body Structure
Name:
Date:
Tissue Types
Certain cells of the same type group together to form tissues. There are four basic types
of tissues.
Far Out Fact: Talk about epithelials! Much of the dust on our floors and furniture is
actually dead skin cells that we shed by the millions every day!
Fill in the missing vowels in the incomplete words in the paragraphs below to review the
four tissue types.
1. C
nn
ct
v
tissue supports things and h
them t
g
th
r. You can find connective tissue
nd
r your s k
n and in your t
Connective tissue is also what keeps your
in place.
2.
p
th
l
and c
v
r
make up your s k
m
t h, t h r
3. M
scl
are s k
l
4. N
n
rv
rv
nd
rg
lds
n s.
ns
l tissue p r
t
c t s you by enclosing
n g other parts of the body. These tissues
n and l
n e the insides of your
t, and d
g
st
v
tract.
tissue is made up of muscle f
b
r s. The three types of muscle tissue
t
l, s m
t h, and c
rd
c. Skeletal muscles
m
v
the b
n
s and are v
l
nt
ry
muscles. Smooth muscles are
nv
l
nt
ry
muscles and move many of your internal
rg
n s.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the h
r t and is also
nv
l
nt
r y.
s tissue is found in the b r
s. It consists of cells called n
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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n, s p
r
n s.
n
l c
r d, and the
Body Structure
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Mystery Organs
Far Out Fact: The largest internal organ is the small intestine, which would stretch for
22 feet if removed from your body.
Webwise: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/ (click on organs)
Organs are made of groups of more than one type of tissue. Each organ has a specific job
to do within the body and often works in combination with other organs. Use the clues below to
determine which organ is which.
1. I am part of the circulatory system.
2. I am part of the digestive system.
I have four chambers.
I secrete bile to help break down fats.
Parts of me are the aorta and valves.
I filter waste products from the blood.
What organ am I?
What organ am I?
3. I am the largest organ of the body.
4. I am located in your lower back.
I protect your body and help regulate
I am part of the excretory and
your temperature.
circulatory systems.
One of my layers is the epidermis.
I filter blood and remove fluids.
What organ am I?
What organ am I?
5. I am part of the endocrine and the
6. I take in oxygen and give off carbon
digestive systems.
dioxide.
I secrete digestive enzymes.
I am part of the respiratory system.
I secrete the hormone insulin.
I contain bronchioles and alveoli.
What organ am I?
What organ am I?
7. I am part of the nervous system.
8. I am part of the digestive system.
Some of my parts are the medulla,
I am where nutrients from digested
the cerebellum, and the cerebrum.
food are absorbed.
I am filled with billions of neurons.
My inner walls are lined with villi.
What organ am I?
What organ am I?
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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Body Structure
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Scrambled Organs
Far Out Fact: If your tissues and organs don’t get oxygen, your blood will turn blue.
An organ is a structure containing two or more different types of tissue that function
together for a common purpose. See if you can unscramble the names of these organs of the
human body from top to bottom.
1. R B A N I
3. P S E U S G O H A
2. Y E E S
5. N L S U G
4. T H R E A
6. A H A M G R I P D
7. O A H S M C T
8. N A E R P C A S
9. V R E I L
10. Y D I K E N
12. L S A M L
TNISINETE
11. D L R E B A D
13. S B O E N
14. N S I K
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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Body Structure
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Body Systems
Webwise: www.innerbody.com (click on any body system)
Organs and tissues in the human body are organized into systems that work together
to perform a specific function. Fill in the chart of some of the body systems by listing some
principal parts of each system and what the primary function of the system is.
Body
System
Principal
Parts
Nervous
System
Circulatory
System
Respiratory
System
Digestive
System
Muscular
System
Skeletal
System
Excretory
System
Endocrine
System
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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Primary
Function
Skeletal System
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Five Functions of Your Skeletal System
Far Out Fact: The human head contains 22 bones.
Webwise: Build a skeleton online at www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp (click on skeleton)
No bones about it—your skeletal system is pretty important. Use the words in the word
bank to fill in the blanks and see just what your bones do for you!
marrow
ribs
blood
phosphorus
hard
support
shape
muscles
move
cells
protect
calcium
skull
1. The first function of your skeletal system is to give your body
and
it like the framework of a building.
2. The second function of your skeletal system is to help your body
.Your
are attached to your bones and facilitate movement.
major
3. The third function of your skeletal system is to
your major
. Your heart and lungs
organs. Your brain in enclosed in the hard
. Without this protection, any big bump or
are encased in your
squish could kill you.
4. The fourth function of your skeletal system is to act like a factory. Inside some of your
. This is where your body produces
bones is a soft tissue called
.
5. As well as being a factory, your bones are also a warehouse.
and
compounds are stored there to use later. These substances
.
are what make bones
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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Skeletal System
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Bones by the Numbers
Far Out Fact: One quarter of the bones in your body are in your feet.
Solve these math riddles to learn about numbers and bones.
1. (10 x 12 x 2) – 34 = a
a = Number of bones in an adult human
2. (17 + 18) x (60 ÷ 6) = c
c = Number of soft cartilage pieces a newborn has that later
develop and fuse to make bones
3. 7(16 ÷ 4) = n
n = Number of bones in a newborn’s skull
4. (9 x 4) ÷ (30 ÷ 15) = m
m = Number of months it takes for a baby’s skull bones to close
up
5. (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) – 2 = f
f = Number of bones that shape your face
6. (99 ÷ 9) + (136/136) = r
r = Number of pairs of ribs in a human
7. (2 x 3 x 9)/2 = h
h = Number of bones in the human hand
8. (2,697 ÷ 2,697)/4 = s
s = Length (in inches) of the smallest bone in the body
9. [4(5) + 8(5) + 2(2)] ÷ 8 = c c = Number of curved bones in your cranium
10. [(3 x 3) x (8 + 3)] ÷ 3 = j
j = Number of joints in each foot
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
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Skeletal System
Understanding the Human Body
Name:
Date:
Bizarre Bones
Far Out Fact: Your thigh bone is stronger than concrete!
Read over these interesting and unusual facts about bones and other parts of your skeletal
system. Then find the bold words in the word search below.
1. Within the tendons that cover your knees are very small bones called sesamoid bones.
2. Wormian bones are found in the joints in your skull.
3. The clavicle is the most commonly broken bone in the body.
4. The coccygeal bones would be the beginning of a tail if you were an animal.
5. The hyoid bone (which supports your tongue) is the only bone not connected to another
bone.
6. The “funny bone” is actually at the end of a bone called the humerus.
7. The smallest bone in your body is the stirrup, which is a tiny bone in your
inner ear. It is only about 1⁄4″ long.
8. Also in your inner ear, there is a bone called the hammer and one shaped
like a snail’s shell (the cochlea).
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404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
11
Understanding the Human Body
Answer Key
Answer Key
What’s in a Cell? (pg. 4)
1. cytoplasm
2. chromatin
3. Golgi bodies 4. ribosomes
5. nucleus
6. mitochondria 7. cell membrane
Nucleus
Golgi bodies
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tissue Types (pg. 5)
1. connective, holds, together, under, skin,
tendons, organs
2. Epithelial, protects, covering, skin, line,
mouth, throat, digestive
3. Muscle, fibers, skeletal, smooth, cardiac,
move, bones, voluntary, involuntary,
organs, heart, involuntary
4. Nervous, brain, spinal cord, nerves,
neurons
Mystery Organs (pg. 6)
1. heart
2. liver
3. skin
4. kidneys
5. pancreas 6. lungs
7. brain
8. small intestine
Scrambled Organs (pg. 7)
1. brain
2. eyes
3. esophagus
4. heart
5. lungs
6. diaphragm
7. stomach 8. pancreas 9. liver
10. kidney
11. bladder 12. small intestine
13. bones
14. skin
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
Body Systems (pg. 8)
Answers may vary. Possibilities include:
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, and
nerves all send messages to control all
body functions.
Circulatory System: Heart, veins, arteries,
capillaries, and blood circulate food and
oxygen to all body cells, as well as carry
cell wastes for removal.
Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli bring in oxygen
and remove carbon dioxide.
Digestive System: Esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, pancreas,
liver, gall bladder, throat, and tongue work
together to digest food so that it becomes
a form that can be used by the body.
Muscular System: Muscles, tendons, and
ligaments control all movement in the
body.
Skeletal System: Skull, spine, long bones,
short bones, flat bones, irregular bones,
and marrow support and move the body
while protecting organs.
Excretory System: Bladder, kidneys, urethra,
ureter, skin, and lungs remove wastes
from the body.
Endocrine System: Pancreas, pituitary
gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and
paraythyroids help control the body by
releasing chemicals called hormones.
72
Understanding the Human Body
Answer Key
Five Functions of Your Skeletal System
(pg. 9)
1. shape, support
2. move, muscles
3. protect, skull, ribs
4. marrow, blood, cells
5. Calcium/Phosphorus, phosphorus/
calcium, hard
Bones by the Numbers (pg. 10)
1. 206
2. 350
3. 28
4. 18
5. 14
6. 12
7. 27
8. 1⁄4
9. 8
10. 33
Bizarre Bones (pg. 11)
A
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What’s in a Bone? (pg. 13)
1. periosteum 2. ligaments
4. calcium
5. spongy
7. cartilage
8. protein
P
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3. joints
6. marrow
9. compact
Shape Up Those Bones (pg. 14)
1. long
2. irregular 3. flat
4. short
5. long
6. flat
7. irregular 8. short
9. long
What Bone Am I? (pg. 15)
1. rib cage, ribs
2. humerus, upper arm bone
3. cranium, skull
404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
4. femur, thighbone
5. mandible, jawbone
6. ulna, inside lower arm bone
7. radius, outside lower arm bone
8. tibia, shinbone
9. clavicle, collarbone
10. tarsals, ankle bones
11. pelvis, hipbone
12. vertebrae, backbone
Odd Thing Out (pg. 18)
1. change canal to cord
2. change sacral to cervical
3. change cartilage to ligaments
4. change thoracic to sacral
5. change lumbar to thoracic
6. change sacral to cartilage
7. change cervical to lumbar
8. change lumbar to spinal
9. change thoracic to spinal
10. change 26 to 33
Which Joint Do You Use? (pg. 20)
1. pivot joint
2. bending knee – hinge joint
swinging ankle – gliding joint
3. bending wrist – gliding joint
fingers striking keys – hinge joints
4. arm rotating – ball and socket
wrist throwing – gliding joint
hips moving – ball and socket
5. vertebrae bending – gliding joint
arms bending and lifting – hinge joint
6. hips/legs bending – ball and socket
pelvis remains steady – immovable joint
The Muscular System (pg. 24)
1. I
2. V
3. V
4. I
5. V
6. V
7. I
8. I
9. V
10. I and V
11. Answers will vary. Possibilities include:
Eyes: choosing to look, seeing things
automatically and blinking automatically
Lungs: breathing automatically vs.
purposefully taking in a deep breath.
73