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Objective 2: Complex Societies Mesopotamia and the Indo-European Migrations 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Was Civilization a “curse” or “blessing”? What causes societies to rise and fall? “Success” or “failure” of civilizations— law of the “retarding lead” What is the role of race in history? What is the role of cultural diffusion? 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The origins of agriculture and domestic animals. The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals took place independently in different parts of the world, but the Near East, Mesoamerica, southeast Asia, and China were among the first and most 4 significant regions. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Complex Societies began in seven areas, independently, the earliest in River Valleys-Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang He (Yellow River), Niger, (Mexico and Andes Mountains) 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Mediterranean Central America Fossil Fuel Civ. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Mesopotamian City-States “Between the Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” Ur 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. What were the advantages of cities? Security Variety Creativity Productivity 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Crossroads of Planet Earth” Scientific American By 2050, An Urban Planet Worldwide population will be 9.5 billion, up from the current.6.5 billion. From 2007 on, urban people will outnumber rural people. The proportion of people living in developing countries versus developed ones will have increased. “In effect, the poor countries will have to build the equivalent of a city of more than one million people each week for the next 45 years.” “In 1950 the less developed regions had roughly twice the population of the more developed ones; by 2050, the ration will exceed 6 to 1.” The graying of the global population will not have proceeded uniformly. “In 2050 nearly one person in three will be 60 years or older in the more developed regions, and one person in five in the less developed nations.” 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Complex Societies (Civilization) Defined Urban-Cities Formalized Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization and trade Organized Religion-“Higher Culture” Patriarchy (Gender Relations) Writing Education, Literacy and Learning 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ziggurat of Ur 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Law Code of Hammurabi Law Code of Hammurabi The principal collection of laws in ancient Mesopotamia was the code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian ruler. Unearthed by French archaeologists in 1901-1902, this stele contained the code, which Hammurabi claimed rested on the authority of the gods. (Hirmer Verlag Munich) 18 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Questions What values does your law reflect? Is your law similar to one followed in America today? Why or why not? 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Legal System The Code of Hammurabi (18th c. BCE) 282 items lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”) Social status and punishment women as property, but some rights 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mesopotamian Empires 1800-600 BCE 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mesopotamian trade. The Sumerian trading network, revealed by the wide range of valuable and exotic materials used by Mesopotamian craftsmen, was both extensive and sophisticated, drawing on resources often well over 2000 miles distant. Egyptian tomb paintings show Semitic merchants with donkey caravans, while some of the earliest writing is 22 found on SumerianCopyright clay tablets recording commercial transactions. © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ishtar Gates and Processional Way – Babylon (“Babil”) Berlin Statsmuseum 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Social Classes Ruling classes based often on military prowess Religious classes Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety Considerable landholdings, other economic activities Free commoners Originally elected, later hereditary Perceived as offspring of gods Peasant cultivators Some urban professionals Slaves Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors 32 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchal Society Men as landowners, relationship to status Patriarchy: “rule of the father” Double standard of sexual morality Women drowned for adultery Relaxed sexual mores for men Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women Right to sell wives, children Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE 33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Technological Development in Mesopotamia Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE Iron, c. 1000 BCE Military, agricultural applications Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks 34 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cuneiform Writing on walls of Ishtar Gates, Babylon Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Development of Writing Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE Pictographs Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped” Preservation of documents on clay Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script 36 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Writing was invented in west Asia in the fourth millennium b.c.e. and developed from the need to keep a record of business transactions. From the wedge-shaped marks formed by a hollow-shaped reed, or stylus, cuneiform script evolved gradually. In this pictographic script, stylized drawings are used to represent words; each pictograph stands for a syllable, and abstract concepts are conveyed by using concrete notions that are close in meaning (e.g. 37 “open mouth” for “eat”). Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Uses for Writing Trade Astronomy Mathematics Agricultural applications Calculation of time 12-month year 24-hour day, 60-minute hour 38 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Indo-European Migrations 45 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Indo-European Migrations Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 46 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Implications of Indo-European Migration Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture Aryo, “noble, lord” Aryan, Iranian, Irish Caste system in India 47 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.