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! 4.1 - Introduction! What does the word Mesopotamia mean?! ! The word “Mesopotamia” comes from the Greek for “the land between the rivers”.! ! 4.2 - Mesopotamia: A Difficult Environment! 1. What did the southern part of Mesopotamia lack that people needed? ! ! The southern part of Mesopotamia lacked water for farming.! 2. What other materials did people have very little of in Southern Mesopotamia?! ! The area also lacked trees and stone for building materials, and there were few ! ! natural barriers for keeping out enemies. ! 3. What were the four key problems facing early Mesopotamians?! ! There were food shortages, uncontrolled water supply, difficulties in building ! ! irrigation systems, and attacking neighbors.! ! 4.3 - Food Shortages in the Hills! 3. What caused food shortages?! ! There were too many people living in the hills, and not enough farmland to feed ! ! them all.! 5. What did people do in response to the food shortages? What did they call the ! land they settled?! ! The solution was to move out onto the plains and try to use the rivers to farm the ! ! land. They called the land “Sumer”. ! ! 4.4 - Uncontrolled Water Supply! Summarize the section: What were the main problems with living in the River Valley? What were the solutions to those problems? ! ! In the spring, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded, but no one knew when they’d flood. The valley was hot and dry the rest of the year. People either had too much or too little water. They created irrigation systems to control the water. They built levees, dug canals, constructed dams, and dug pools to store the water. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4.5 - Difficulties in Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System! Summarize the section: What were the main problems with canals? What was the main effect of having to maintain the system between the villages? What did that lead to? ! ! The main problems with the canals were that they’d become clogged with silt. People had to work together to maintain them. Villages had to work together and depend on each other. This led to larger communities, and some became cities of several thousand people. ! ! 4.6 - Attacks by Neighboring Communities! 1. What did some cities do that affected other cities? ! ! Cities upstream built dams that prevented water from reaching cities ! ! downstream.! ! 2. What did the cities do for defense? How did they do it?! ! Cities began building walls, made of sun-baked mud bricks. They also dug moats ! around the cities. ! 3. Why were these cities called “city-states”? (besides using the third paragraph to answer this last question, look back at the 4.1 Introduction, and include the information there too.)! ! City-states are like independent countries. They each have their own ruler, and ! ! their own farmland for food.!
