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APPENDIX 1 –
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Appendix 1 – Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Incarnation Center and the Yale School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies for the opportunity to produce this document. Special thanks to
the class instructor, John McKenna and teaching assistant, Avery Anderson. Also, our
thanks and appreciation to professors Tom Siccama, Bill Ellis, and Marjorie Shansky for
their help in developing this document. Recognition is also gratefully acknowledged to
Eric Lind, Rich Anderson, Pete McLean, and Gabriel Willow from Audubon New York,
and Matt Davis, wooden boat builder and science teacher, for their assistance with
fieldwork and research.
We would also like to thank Incarnation Center staff the Reverend Peter Larom, Michelle
Doheny, Rich Murray, Nancy Nygard Pilon, and Betty Johnson for taking time out of
their busy work days to share stories and ideas about the Incarnation Center. Thanks to
Erik Becker and Kelly “Noodle” Way for sharing with us about the ultimate Bushy Hill
adventure and Nature’s Classroom staff.
Thank you to other stakeholders who kindly offered their time to answer our questions,
including Margot Burns with the Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency,
Judy Preston with the Tidewater Institute, Chet Arnold with the Essex Land Trust, John
Kennedy with the Deep River Land Trust, Daniel Korksack with SX Sportsman, Phil
Miller with the Town of Essex, Jonathan Kastner with the Town of Deep River, and Pat
Haynes with Haynes Quarry and Associates. We are also grateful for Dana Tomlin,
whose contribution appears in every single map that appears in this document.
APPENDIX 2 –
Works Cited
Appendix 2 – Works Cited
Besozzi, Duke. Personal Communication. 7 December 2007.
Blouin, G. 2001. An Eclectic Guide to Trees. Boston Mills Press. Erin, Ontario, Canada.
Burns, R.M., and Honkala B.H., tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1.
Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. vol.2, 877 p.p.
Brady, Nyle C. and Weil, Ray R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Thirteenth
Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Calhoun, A. J. K., and P. deMaynadier, editors. 2004. Forestry habitat management
guidelines for vernal pool wildlife. Metropolitan Conservation Alliance, Wildlife
Conservation Society, Bronx, New York
Carolina Butteflies. Hessel’s Hairstreak photo retrieved on November 29, 2007 from:
http://www.carolinanature.com/butterflies/hesselshairstreak.html
Carpus, David. Personal Communication. 7 December 2007.
City-data.com. Retrieved on November 26, 2007 from: http://www.citydata.com/states/Connecticut-Climate.html
Comins, Patrick. Personal Communication. 30 November 2007.
Connecticut Audobon Society. Connecticut State of the Birds: Conserving Birds and
Their Habitats, 2006.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2007a. Best Management Practices
for water quality while harvesting forest products. State of Connecticut,
Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Natural Resources, Division
of Forestry. Hartford, CT.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2007b. Black Bear Sightings.
Retreived from: http://www.depdata.ct.gov/wildlife/sighting/bearsight.asp
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). 2002. Water Quality
Standards. Bureau of Water Management, DEP.
Connecticut Department of Public Health. 2007. Water quality monitoring schedule:
Valley High School, Deep River. Retrieved December, 2007 from:
http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/drinking_water/pdf_schedule/Schedules_DEEPRI
VER_NTNC.pdf
Connecticut Department of Public Health. 2001. What do you need to know about
manganese in drinking water. State of Connecticut Department of Public Health
Environmental & Occupational Health Assessment Program Fact Sheet.
Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency. Retrieved on November 27, 2007
from: http://www.crerpa.org/
Connecticut State Climate Center. Retrieved on November 27, 2007 from:
http://www.cag.uconn.edu/nrme/cscc/CTweatherstationintroduction/conncticutintroducti
on.htm;
http://www.cag.uconn.edu/nrme/cscc/CTweatherstationintroduction/mIddletown.htm
Cooke, Sarah. 2001. Ecology and taxonomy of Sphagnum in Western Washington. In:
Chapter 4. L. Kulzer, S. Luchessa, S. Cooke, R. Errington, and F. Weinmann.
Characteristics of the low- elevation Sphagnum-dominated peatlands of Western
Washington: A community profile. obtained from:
ftp://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnr/library/2001/kcr771/chapter4.pdf
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. Laroe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands
and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. United States Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. Washington,
D.C. FWS/OBS-79/31.
Cronk, Q.C.B., Fuller J.L. 1995. Plant Invaders: the Threat to Natural Ecosystems.
Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
DeGraaf, R.M. and M. Yamasaki. 2001. New England Wildlife: Habitat, Natural History
and Distribution. University Press of New England. Lebanon, NH.
Ernst, C.H., J.E. Lovich, and R.W. Barbour. 1994. Turtles of the United States and
Canada. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved on November 27, 2007 from:
http://www.fema.gov/news/disasters_state.fema?id=9
Flint, Richard F. 1975. The Surficial Geology of the Essex and Old Lyme Quadrangles.
State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Hartford, CT.
Hammer, D. 1992. Creating Freshwater Wetlands. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, MI.
Hammerson, G.A. 2004. Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and
Conservation. University Press of New England. Lebanon, NH.
Haynes, Pat. Electronic Communication. 11 December 2007.
Horsley, S.B., S.L. Stout, and D.S. deCalesta. 2003. White-tailed Deer Impact on the
Vegetation Dynamics of a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecological Applications.
Vol (13):1. 98-118.
Incarnation Center. 2006. Annual Report 2005-2006.
Incarnation Center and Ellis, W.B. 2007. Incarnation Center Financial
Summary 2002-2008. Incarnation Center, Deep River, CT.
Invasive Plants of New England (IPANE). Training Materials. Retrieved November,
2007 from: http://nbiinin.ciesin.columbia.edu/ipane/volunteers/training_materials/training.htm
Kastner, Jonathan. Personal Communication. 4 December 2007.
Kenny, L.P. and M.R. Burne. 2001. A Field Guide to the Animals of Vernal Pools.
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Vernal Pool Association,
Massachusetts.
Korksack, Daniel. Personal Communication. 15 November 2007.
Larom, Peter. Personal Communication. 15 November 2007.
Lundgren, Lawrence. 1964. The bedrock geology of the Essex quadrangle. State
Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, no. 15. Hartford, CT.
McCarthy, G. 2007. The Green Plan: Guiding Land Acquisition and Protection in
Connecticut 2007-2012. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
Hartford, CT.
McClure, M.S., Salom, S.M., and Shields, K.S. 2001. Hemlock Wooly Adelgid. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service Technical Bulletin FHTET-2001-03. Washington, D.C. 19 p.p.
McDonald, R. C. et al. 1990. Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Melbourne: Inkata Press.
Miller, Phil. Personal Interview. 15 November 2007.
Moody, W. Maine Invasive Plants, Eurasian Milfoil. University of Maine Cooperative
Extension Bulletin #2531. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from:
http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/2531.htm
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006. Metacomet,
Monadnock, Mattabesett Trail System: National Scenic Trail Feasibility Study
and Environmental Assessment, Draft Report. NPS, Northeast Region, Boston,
MA.
Ochterski, J. 2006. How to Choose Firewood Trees. Kristi L. Sullivan, Peter J. Smallidge
and Gary R. Goff, eds. New York Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca, NY.
Omara-Otunnu, E. 2006. Deer management study points to hunting as solution. UConn
Advance, 19 June, 2006. Available:
http://advance.uconn.edu/2006/060619/06061910.htm
Orwig, D.A., Kittredge, D. 2005. Silvicultural Options for Managing Hemlock Forests
Threatened by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. Amherst, MA: UMass Extension.
Available:
http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/publications/pdfs/Orwig_HWA_fact_sheet_2
005
Petranka, James W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian
Institute Press, Washington, D.C.
Ponge, J.F. 2003. Humus Forms in Terrestrial Ecosystems: a Framework to
Biodiversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 935-945.
Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J., and Ashton, P.M.S. 1997. The practice of
silviculture: applied forest ecology. Wiley, New York.
Snediker, Quentin. Personal Communication. 23 November 2007.
Swain, P.C. and J.B. Kearsley. 2001. Classification of the Natural Communities of
Massachusetts. Version 1.3. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program,
Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Westborough, MA.
Town of Deep River, Connecticut. Plan of Conservation and Development. 2007.
University of Connecticut: Center for Land-Use Education and Research. Retrieved
November 29, 2007 from: http://clear.uconn.edu/
U.S. Department of Agriculture - NRCS. 2007. Official Soil Series Descriptions. USDA
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved October, 2007 from:
http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi-bin/osd/osdname.cgi
U.S. EPA. 1991. Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 440-4-91-002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds, Wetlands Division, Washington, D.C. Retrieved December 1, 2007
from:
http://www.epa.gov/volunteer/lake/lakevolman.pdf
U.S. EPA. 1997. Volunteer Stream Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 841-B-97-003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds, Wetlands Division, Washington, D.C. Retrieved December 1, 2007
from:
http://www.epa.gov/volunteer/stream/stream.pdf
U.S. Forest Service. Forest Legacy Program Implementation Guidelines. 2003.
Retrieved December 8, 2007 from:
http://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/library/flp_guidelines.pdf
U.S. DOT. 2004. Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook. US Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 3, 2007
from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/00232839/toc.htm
Vaughan, D.M. and M.D. Shepard. 2005. Species Profile: Mitoura hesseli. In Shepard,
M.D., D.M. Vaughan, and S.H. Black (Eds.). Red List of Pollinator Insects of
North America. CD-ROM Version 1 (May 2005). Portland, OR: The Xerces
Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Walters, E. L., E. H. Miller, and P. E. Lowther. 2002. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
(Sphyrapicus varius). In The Birds of North America, No. 662 (A. Poole and F.
Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
World Book. Retrieved on November 27, 2007 from:
http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/climates/north_americ
an_climate_connecticut.
Related Sources of Information
Connecticut Department of Health – Drinking Water Standards and Information:
http://www.ct.gov/dph/site/default.asp
Connecticut River Watch Program: http://www.conservect.org/ctrivercoastal/riverwatch/
U.S. EPA – Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality:
http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/volunteer/
APPENDIX 3 –
Glossary of Terms
Appendix 3 – Glossary of Terms
A horizon – Soil mineral horizons forming at the surface or below an O horizon that
exhibit obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure and (i) are
characterized by an accumulation of humified organic matter intimately mixed with
the mineral fraction and not dominated by properties characteristic of E or B
horizons; or (ii) have properties resulting from cultivation, pasturing, or similar kinds
of disturbance (SSSA 2007).
Ahki – a Mohegan term meaning “land.”
Amphibole – Any of a large group of structurally similar hydrated double silicate
minerals, such as hornblende, containing various combinations of sodium, calcium,
magnesium, iron, and aluminum (Dictionary.com 2007).
Anthophyllite – A mineral, magnesium-iron silicate, (Mg,Fe)7(Si8O22)(OH)2, occurring
in schists in lamellar or fibrous clove-brown crystals (Dictionary.com 2007).
Arithmetic mean – The arithmetic mean of a set of values is the quantity commonly
called "the" mean or the average. Given a set of samples
, the arithmetic mean is:
(Weinstein 2007a).
B horizon – Soil horizons formed below an A, E or O horizon in which all or much of
the original rock structure has been obliterated. The B horizon is also a zone of
illuvial concentration of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, humus, carbonates, gypsum or
silica (SSSA 2007).
Basal area (BA) – the cross-sectional area of a single stem, including the bark, measured
at breast height (4.5 ft or 1.37 m above the ground) (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Base saturation – Proportion of exchange site of soil occupied by nutrient cations such
as calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium. Expressed as the percentage of the
cation exchange capacity.
Bedrock – A general term for the solid rock that underlies the soil and other
unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the surface (SSSA 2007).
Board foot – the amount of wood contained in an unfinished board 1 inch thick, 12
inches long, and 12 inches wide, abbreviated bd ft or bf (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Boulder – A worn rock with a diameter exceeding 256 millimeters (10 inches)
(Answers.com 2007).
Buffer – an undisturbed area or strip of land covered with permanent stable vegetation
adjacent to a resource area that can be either in a natural state or artificially planted
(CT DEP 2002-07).
Cation exchange capcity – the capacity of a soil to exchange positively charged ions
(cations). Because availability of mineral nutrients for plants depends on the ability of
a soil to provide mineral nutrients in exchange of H+ that plants secrete, this
measurement is often used as an indicator of soil fertility.
C horizon – the parent material from which a particular soil has been derived. Usually
occurs below any O, A and E horizons (SSSA 2007).
Canopy – the uppermost layer of vegetation in a forest (Ricklefs 2001).
Clay – A soil separate consisting of particles <0.002 mm in equivalent diameter (SSSA
2007).
Clearcut – the cutting of essentially all trees, producing a fully exposed microclimate for
the development of a new age class (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) – any piece(s) of dead woody material on the ground in
forest stands or in streams (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Cobble – rounded or partially rounded rock or mineral fragments 7.5 to 25 cm (3 to 10
in.) in diameter (Brady and Weil 2002).
Cold water fish – any species of fish that requires cold, well-oxygenated water.
Conservation easement – a restriction placed on a piece of property to protect its
associated resources (TNC 2007).
Covert learning – learn by playing and experiencing
Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) – the diameter of the stem of tree measured at breast
height (4.5 feet) from the ground (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Drainage – (1) The frequency and duration of periods when the soil is free from
saturation with water (Brady and Weil 2002). (2) The channeled flow formed by
streams, rivers, gullies or human-made pathways that removes water from the land
surface. See also intermittent stream.
E horizon – a mineral soil horizon that exhibits a loss of silicates, iron, and aluminum,
leaving behind a concentration of sand and silt particles of resistant materials. Often
referred to as a “zone of leaching” or the “leached layer” (SSSA 2007).
Ecological Footprint – The impact of humans on ecosystems created by their use of
land, water, and other natural resources (Dictionary.com 2007).
Endangered – any native species documented by biological research and inventory to be
in danger of extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the
state of Connecticut and to have no more than five occurrences in the state, and any
species determined to be an "endangered species" pursuant to the federal Endangered
Species Act (State of Connecticut 2007).
Entisol – Mineral soils that have no distinct subsurface diagnostic horizons within 1 m of
the soil surface (SSSA 2007).
Estuary – a semi-enclosed coastal water body, often at the mouth of a river, having a
high input of fresh water and great fluctuation in salinity (Ricklefs 2001).
Facultative – refers to an optional ecological association that does not affect the species’
survival
Feldspar – An important group of minerals constituting about half of the rocks of the
Earth's crust. All are aluminosilicates containing various proportions of potassium,
sodium, and calcium (and, rarely, barium). Important minerals of the group are
orthoclase and microcline (both KAlSi3O8), albite (NaAlSi3O8) and anorthite
(CaAl2Si2O8). Na,Ca feldspars are termed plagioclase (Dictionary.com 2007).
First order stream -- A stream with no tributaries located in the most upstream branches
of a watershed
Geomorphology – the formation, alteration, and configuration of landforms and their
relationship with underlying structures (Dictionary.com 2007).
Girdle – to remove the bark and cambium from the circumference of a tree in order to
kill it (Dictionary.com 2007).
Glacial erratic – a large boulder or other mineral object carried by glacial ice and
deposited some distance from its place of origin (Dictionary.com 2007).
Glaciation – the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice; the result of
glacial action (Dictionary.com 2007).
Glaciofluvial – pertaining to the process or effects of glacial melt waters on the
landscape.
Gneiss – A highly foliated, coarse-grained metamorphic rock consisting of light-colored
layers, usually of quartz and feldspar, alternating with dark-colored layers of other
minerals, usually hornblende and biotite. Individual grains are often visible between
layers. Gneiss forms as the result of the regional metamorphism of igneous,
sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. Similar to granite. (Dictionary.com 2007).
Granite – a coarse-grained igneous rock composed chiefly of orthoclase and albite
feldspars and of quartz, usually with lesser amounts of one or more other minerals, as
mica, hornblende, or augite (Dictionary.com 2007).
Gravel – any mineral particle greater than 2mm in diameter (Brady and Weil 2002).
Habitat – the place, natural or otherwise, (including climate, food, cover, and water)
where an animal, plant, or population naturally or normally lives and develops
(USDA Forest 2006).
Hard mast –seeds hard mast that are hard-shelled, such as an oak or hickory.
Hardwood – a general term for a deciduous tree or its derived wood.
Histosol – Organic soils that have organic soil materials in more than half of the upper 80
cm, or that are of any thickness if overlying rock or fragmental materials that have
interstices filled with organic soil materials (SSSA 2007).
Humus – Organic material in soil that has reached a point of stability, where it will break
down no further (Ponge 2003).
Hydrology – the science dealing with the distribution and movement of water (SSSA
2007).
Inceptisol – Mineral soils that have one or more pedogenic horizons in which mineral
materials other than carbonates or amorphous silica have been altered or removed but
not accumulated to a significant degree. Under certain conditions, Inceptisols may
have an ochric, umbric, histic, plaggen or mollic epipedon. Water is available to
plants more than half of the year or more than 90 consecutive days during a warm
season (SSSA 2007).
Indicator species – a species that indicates certain environmental conditions due to its
specific ecological requirements.
Intermittent stream – A stream which carries water a considerable portion of the time,
but which ceases to flow occasionally or seasonally because bed seepage and
evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply (Answers.com 2007). In
Connecticut, intermittent watercourses are delineated by a defined permanent channel
and bank and the occurrence of two or more of the following characteristics: (A)
Evidence of scour or deposits of recent alluvium or detritus, (B) the presence of
standing or flowing water for a duration longer than a particular storm incident, and
(C) the presence of hydrophytic vegetation (State of Connecticut 2007).
Invasive Species – non-indigenous, introduced species that colonize certain sites
vigorously and alter the preexisting ecosystem. Proliferation of invasive species can
have negative impacts on the population of indigenous species and ecosystem
function.
Keystone Species – A species whose presence maintains species diversity of a
community, thereby having a disproportionately large impact on the environment and
ecosystem function
Lacustrine – of or relating to a lake (Dictionary.com 2007)
Land trust – a non-profit organization whose aim is to protect lands and water through
establishing and monitoring conservation easements and/or purchasing and managing
land.
Masting – reproductive habit of certain plant species to produce a large amount of fruits
superannually and aperiodically with no or little production of fruits for several years
in the interval
Marsh – a wetland, often treeless and periodically inundated, generally characterized by
a growth of grasses, sedges, cattails, and rushes (Dictionary.com 2007).
Mesic – A soil temperature regime that has mean annual soil temperatures of 8°C or
more but <15°C, and >5°C difference between mean summer and mean winter soil
temperatures at 50 cm below the surface. Isomesic is the same except the summer and
winter temperatures differ by <5°C (SSSA 2007).
Midstory – referring to a woody plant or group of woody plants of at least 4.5 feet in
height and up to 4 inches in diameter.
Mica – Any of various colored or transparent mineral silicates crystallizing in monoclinic
forms that readily separate into very thin leaves (Dictionary.com 2007)
Obligate – requiring a particular set of environmental conditions for survival
O horizon – soil layers dominated by organic material (SSSA 2007).
Outcrop – a portion of bedrock or other stratum protruding through the soil level
(Dictionary.com 2007).
Outwash – the material, chiefly sand or gravel, deposited by meltwater streams in front
of a glacier (Dictionary.com 2007).
Overstory – referring to a woody plant or group of woody plants greater than 4.5 feet in
height and over 4 inches in diameter at breast height.
Overstory removal – the removal of overstory trees when understory regeneration is
present during a clearcut or the removal of overstory trees once understory
regeneration is present after the first cut of a shelterwood.
Oxidation – the loss of electrons by a substance; a gain in positive valence charge and, in
certain cases, the chemical combination with oxygen gas (Brady and Weil 2002).
Patch cut – the complete removal of all overstory trees in a small area. A patch cut is
smaller than a clearcut, and is usually done for wildlife purposes or to remedy areas
where years of inappropriate harvesting have occurred.
Pebble – a rock fragment between 4 and 64 millimeters (0.16 and 2.51 inches) in
diameter, especially one that has been naturally rounded (Answers.com 2007).
Plagioclase – a type of feldspar containing sodium (Na) and/or calcium (Ca)
(Dictionary.com 2007).
Quadratic mean – also called the root-mean-square (RMS) of a variant , the quadratic
mean is the square root of the mean squared value of :
(Weinstein 2007b).
Quartz – a very hard mineral composed of silica, SiO2, found worldwide in many
different types of rocks, including sandstone and granite (Dictionary.com 2007).
Rare species – an uncommon or scarce native species. The State of Connecticut makes
no legal definition of this term. However, it is used in statutes relating to the rules
and regulations of species of special concern and threatened and endangered species
(State of Connecticut 2007).
Rehabilitation – emphasizes the reparation of ecosystem processes, productivity and
services (SERI 2004).
Relative abundance or relative density – the proportional representation of a species in
a sample, usually expressed as a percentage (Ricklefs 2001).
Relative basal area (BA) – the proportional representation of the basal area of a species
in a sample, usually expressed as a percentage. Differs from relative abundance in
that size and volume are the determining factors in measuring dominance.
Relic tree – a standing dead tree that hints at a place’s natural or land use history.
Reservoir – an artificial pond where water is collected and stored for use
(Dictionary.com 2007).
Restoration – an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an
ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity and sustainability. Restoration differs
from rehabilitation in that it includes the re-establishment of the pre-existing biotic
integrity in terms of species composition and community structure, in addition to the
reparation of ecosystems processes, productivity and services (SERI 2004).
Riverine – of or pertaining to a river (Dictionary.com 2007).
Salvage logging – a treatment to a timber stand that has suffered a major loss or
alteration due to an insect or pathogen outbreak, storm, fire or other disturbance.
Sand – a soil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in diameter; also a soil textural class
(Brady and Weil 2002).
Schist – A highly foliated, medium-grained metamorphic rock that splits easily into
flakes or slabs along well-defined planes of mica (Dictionary.com 2007).
Sediment – transported and deposited particles or aggregates derived from soils, rocks or
biological materials.
Selective harvest – a system in which groups of trees or individual trees are removed
from the forest based on economic criteria aimed at maximizing logging revenues
rather than the need to ensure satisfactory regeneration or to maintain stand growth
rates and quality of timber production. Also known as high grading or selective
cutting (Dunster and Dunster 1996).
Shelterwood – the removal of the overstory of a stand in stages, usually with the
objective of regenerating the desired timber species before all overstory trees are
removed.
Silt – a soil separate consisting of particles between 0.05 and 0.002 mm in equivalent
diameter; a soil textural class (Brady and Weil 2002).
Slash – the residue, e.g., treetops and branches, left on the ground after logging are
accumulating as a result of storm, fire girdling, or delimbing (USDA Forest Service
2006).
Snag – a standing, generally unmerchantable dead tree from which the leaves and most
of the branches have fallen (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Soft mast –seeds soft mast that are covered with fleshy fruit or lack a hard shell, such as
cherries, pines, maples, and grains.
Softwood – a general term for a conifer tree or its derived wood.
Soil – (i) The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the
earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. (ii) The
unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been
subjected to and shows effects of biological and environmental factors (SSSA 2007).
Soil horizon – A layer of soil or soil material approximately parallel to the land surface
and differing from adjacent related layers in physical, chemical, and biological
properties or characteristics such as color, structure, texture, consistency, kinds and
number of organisms present, degree of acidity or alkalinity, etc (SSSA 2007).
Soil order – A group of soils in the broadest category. In the USDA classification
system, there are 12 orders. Orders are divided into Suborders and the Suborders are
farther divided into Great Groups (SSSA 2007).
Soil series – the lowest category of U.S. system of soil taxonomy (SSSA 2007).
Soil texture – the relative proportion of various soil particles that are described by
textural classes. Texture is based on the percent of clay, silt, and sand present in a
soil (SSSA 2007).
Soil type – Formerly in the U.S. soil classification systems prior to publication of USDA
Soil Taxonomy in 1975. (i) The lowest unit in the natural system of soil classification;
a subdivision of a soil series and consisting of or describing soils that are alike in all
characteristics including the texture of the A horizon or plow layer; (ii) In Europe,
roughly equivalent to a great soil group. See also soil series (SSSA 2007).
Species of special concern – any native plant species or any native non-harvested
wildlife species documented by scientific research and inventory to have a naturally
restricted range or habitat in the state, to be at a low population level, to be in such
high demand by man that its unregulated taking would be detrimental to the
conservation of its populations or has been extirpated from the state of Connecticut
(State of Connecticut 2007).
Stakeholder – a person who has a share or an interest in an organization or enterprise
(Answers.com 2007).
Stand – a contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age-class distribution,
composition, and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to
be a distinguishable unit (USDA Forest Service 2006).
Subcanopy – the layer of forest immediately below the canopy, characterized by
subdominant, moderately to highly shade tolerant trees.
Surficial geology – the distribution and type of rocks or sediment distributed across the
landscape.
Swamp – a type of wetland, often having a growth of certain types of trees and other
vegetation (Dictionary.com 2007).
Texture – size of soils particles.
Thinning – a cultural treatment made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to
improve growth, enhance forest health, or recover material potential mortality (USDA
Forest Service 2006).
Threatened species – any native species documented by biological research and
inventory to be likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the state of Connecticut and
to have no more than nine occurrences in the state, and any species determined to be a
"threatened species" pursuant to the federal Endangered Species Act, except for such
species determined to be endangered by the commissioner in accordance with section
26-306 (State of Connecticut 2007).
Till – Unsorted and unstratified earth material, deposited by glacial ice, which consists of
a mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, stones, and boulders in any proportion (SSSA
2007).
Timber – a standing growing tree or the wood from the tree itself.
Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) – a collective term for several techniques for giving
a competitive advantage to the best trees in a young stand and improving their form.
TSI includes release cutting, improvement cutting, thinning, and pruning among other
techniques (Beattie et al. 1993).
Topography – the relief or surface features of an area (Dictionary.com 2007).
Underplanting – the planting of trees in small areas of replanted or naturally regenerated
forest that are considered to be understocked (Dunster and Dunster 1996).
Understory – referring to a plant or group of plants less than 4.5 feet in height.
Vernal pool – an isolated wetland found in a depression on the landscape that lacks input
and output water flows (Hammerson 2004).
Warm water fish – any species of fish typically found in lakes and ponds that usually
have ahigher tolerance for increased water temperature and lower oxygen levels.
Wetland – an area of land that has hydric soil and hydrophytic vegetation, typically
flooded for part of the year, and forming a transition zone between aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems (Brady and Weil 2002).
Wolf-tree – an open-grown, wide canopy tree that often stands apart from the younger
forest surrounding it (Wessels 1997).
Sources:
Answers.com. 2007. Sci-Tech Dictionary. New York: Answers Corporation. Available
http://www.answers.com. Accessed 1 – December – 2007.
Beattie, M., C. Thompson, and L. Levine. 1993. Working with your woodland:a landowner’s guide, revised
edition. University Press of New England, Hanover, N.H.
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 13th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
USA. 960 p.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CT DEP). 2002-2007. Tidal Wetlands Buffers
Guidance Document. CT DEP. Available:
http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/long_island_sound/coastal_management/twbufferguidance.pdf.
Accessed 1- December - 2007.
Dictionary.com. 2007. Definitions from Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group. Available:
http://www.dictionary.com. Accessed 1 – December – 2007.
Dunster, J. and Dunster, K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. British Colombia: UBC
Press. 363 p.
Nature Conservancy (TNC). 2007. Conservation Easements. Washington, DC: The Nature Conservancy.
Available:
http://www.nature.org/aboutus/howwework/conservationmethods/privatelands/conservationeasements/
about/art14925.html. Accessed 1 - December – 2007.
Soil Science Society of America (SSSA). 2007. Internet Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Madison, WI:
Soil Science Society of America. Available https://www.soils.org/sssagloss/?check. Accessed 29 –
November – 2007.
Ricklefs, R.E. 2001. The Economy of Nature. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. 550 p.
Society for Ecological Restoration International (SERI), 2004. The SER International Primer on
Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org & Tucson: Society for Ecological Restoration International.
State of Connecticut. 2007. Chapter 495: Endangered Species. State of Connecticut. Available
http://search.cga.state.ct.us/dtsearch_pub_statutes.html. Accessed 1 - December – 2007.
USDA Forest Serice. 2006. North Central Region Forest Management Guides: Glossary. Minnesota: North
Central Research Station. Available http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/glos.html. Accessed 29 November – 2007.
Weisstein, Eric W. 2007. "Arithmetic Mean." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ArithmeticMean.html.
Weisstein, Eric W. 2007. "Root-Mean-Square." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Root-Mean-Square.html.
Wessels, T. 1997. Reading the Forested Landscape: A Natural History of New England. Woodstock, VT:
The Countryman Press. 199 p.
APPENDIX 4 –
Acronyms Used in this Management Plan
Appendix 4 – Acronyms Used in this Management Plan
Acronym
Complete name
IC
FES
GIS
FEMA
CEC
DBH
BA
HONEY
ELT
Incarnation Center
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Geographic Information System
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Cation Exchange Capacity
Diameter at Breast Height
Basal Area
Help Our Neighbor Eat Year-round
Essex Land Trust
Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning
Agency
Bushy Hill Nature Center
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Environmental Protection
Department of Public Health
All Terrain Vehicles
Timber Stand Improvement
Invasive Plant Atlas of New England
Best Management Practices
Heating, Ventiliation, Air Conditioning
Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
Forest Legacy Program
CRERPA
BHNC
EPA
DEP
DPH
ATV
TSI
IPANE
BMP
HVAC
SWOT
FLP
Section
Entire
document
I
I
III-A
III-D
III-F, V
III-F
IV
IV
IV
IV
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
APPENDIX 5 –
Incarnation Center Request for Proposal
and Ahki Response
Appendix 5 – Incarnation Center Request for Proposal and Ahki Response
Incarnation Center, Inc.
Management Plan, Request for Focus
September 17, 2007
As you prepare your management plan for the entire 700 acre property, we request that you
address the following areas:
Describe the Property
x Evaluate geology, soils and topography
Mapping: Create GIS mapping of the entire property
x Include the work already undertaken by Ferucci and Wolicki and update as necessary.
x Delineate usable land, forest land, reserved areas for the future structures and current
structures, as well as proposed future developments and use
Forests: Asses the quality of the forest
x Inventory the tree species and suspected animal life present or suspected
x Identify unique habitat areas
x Identify problems and best management practices for sustaining
Hydrology
x Water quality assessment
x Delineate wetlands and buffer requirements and impact threats from farming operations
x Feeder streams
x Identify problems and best management practices for sustaining the river and buffer areas
x Assessment of the pond at property entrance and Bushy Hill probing pond
Wildlife Habitat
x Identification and inventory of species and any endangered species found on the property
x Identify opportunities to improve and or coexist with the existing animal populations
x Identify potential migration issues and other concerns to help prevent habitat damage
Asses Development Proposals: present and future risk and potential of:
x Prepared Bushy Hill subdivisions off Warsaw street
x Prepared leased quarry area
x Senior residence area proposal
Define Program and Program Potential
x Public Hiking
x Farm
x School Programs
x Summer Camps
x Childcare
x Conference Center
Ahki Consulting
Marsh Hall
360 Prospect Street
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
New Haven, CT 06520
3 October 2007
The Reverend Canon Peter Larom
Executive Director
Incarnation Center
PO Box 577
Ivoryton, CT 06442
Dear Peter:
It was a pleasure to meet you, Nat and Michelle on September 15, 2007. Akhi Consulting is pleased to be
working with the Incarnation Center from September, 2007 to January, 2008. This letter is to review what
we understand your goals to be for this process and what we can provide to the Incarnation Center. Also,
enclosed is an attachment that gives you some background on each of the team members.
Based on discussions with you on September 15 and 22, 2007, and the Request for Focus dated
September 17, 2007, we recognize that this management plan will be a starting point for the strategic
planning that your organization will undertake in 2008. We noted that you are looking for an assessment
of the biophysical and social aspects of your property. Within the area, you are especially interested in
some specific regions, including: the camp/program areas, quarry expansion, potential senior housing
complex, and another potential site for a subdivision. In response to your request we will pay special
attention to those areas in the biophysical and social assessment as well as how these areas relate to your
current programs including: public hiking, farm, school programs, summer camps, childcare, and the
conference center.
Ahki Consulting will provide a land management plan to the Incarnation Center containing three major
sections: Biophysical Assessment, Social Assessment, and Management Recommendations. Analysis and
recommendations that fall outside the scope of the plan due to time and budget considerations will be
referenced with contact information for additional services that you might want to consider in the future.
The following information will be provided in the final document:
Biophysical Assessment:
x
x
x
x
x
x
A summary of land use history from Town documents, oral histories and artifacts remaining on
the landscape.
Data on the geology of the region from Connecticut geologic maps. A description of the surficial
geology and geomorphology of the site. Mapping of soil types from USGS data and also field
truthed from soil pits at selected sites on the property.
A complete hydrologic map of the property showing wetland and water course boundaries from
state and town GIS sources.
Sampling of vegetation will include major timber stands, under story trees and shrubs, and ground
story. Sample plots will be established and an estimate of vegetation will be presented for the
property. Any endangered, threatened, species of special concern or rare plants will be noted.
Invasive plant populations will be identified and mapped. Major aquatic vegetation beds will be
mapped.
Based on Connecticut guidelines any ecological significant habitat or feature will be mapped. A
description of each habitat/feature will detail its importance and characteristics.
Significant habitats for wildlife will be identified. Potential wildlife species on the property will
be determined by direct observation and from using the software program NEWILD. Any
endangered, threatened, species of special concern or rare wildlife species will be noted.
Social Assessment:
x
x
x
x
x
State and town records will be explored for any records related to either Native American
archeological sites or early Colonial American historic sites.
Current resources being utilized by the Incarnation Center will be mapped using a GIS database.
A sample of user groups at the Incarnation Center program facilities, including the Youth Camp,
Teen Camp, and Conference Center will be interviewed to determine the current use of the
property and potential future uses.
Neighbors and nearby residents will be surveyed as to access and use issues related to the
Incarnation Center.
Regional projects and efforts will be looked at for impacts on the Incarnation Center.
Management Recommendations:
x
Forest harvesting regimes will be suggested that include options for timber removal and sale. This
will include time tables and best management practices. Forest management blocks will be
mapped that indicate actively managed areas, reserves, and buffer zones.
x
x
x
x
x
x
Recommendations will be provided that help maintain plant diversity, including aquatic
vegetation.
Wildlife management strategies will focus on maintaining healthy populations of native species.
Critical areas will be mapped and suggested as reserve areas. Unique features, such as vernal
pools will be noted. Hunting and fishing strategies will be explored that can be utilized to manage
certain wildlife populations.
Management practices for current recreational and programmatic uses will be discussed and
alternatives will be detailed. This includes: access points, trail construction, camping sites, and
collecting non-timber resources.
Recommendations will be made for utilizing Natures Classroom and other environmental
education programs to help implement land management strategies.
Specific recommendations will be made for each of the special focus areas as already noted.
Alternatives to development will be presented with associated contact information for more
detailed information.
Completion of this work will take place in several stages. The biophysical assessment will be conducted
during October. We anticipate visiting the site every weekend during the month, with some additional
visits on week days. The social assessment will take place during November. This part of the work will
not require as much access to the property, but will instead include selected meetings with staff, user
groups, and local organizations. We will attempt to schedule these meetings during the week as much as
possible recognizing the normal work schedule for most individuals. We will keep you apprised of our
work schedule, needed access to the property, and requested meetings.
A draft management plan will be submitted in December. Your comments will be critical at this point for
us to revise the plan and submit the final work product in January, 2008. On Wednesday, December 12,
2007 we will report our findings for you in the form of a PowerPoint presentation at the Yale School of
Forestry and Environmental Studies. We look forward to working with you and the Incarnation Center on
this project.
Sincerely,
Andrew J. Mackie
John McKenna
Project Coordinator
Instructor
Ahki Consulting
Management Plans for Protected Areas
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Enclosure
Ahki Consulting
Marsh Hall
Prospect Street
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
New Haven, CT 06520
As of fall 2007, Ahki Consulting consists of the following professionals:
Caitlin Cusack received a B.A. in Environmental Studies from the College of the Holy Cross in her
home state of Massachusetts. She is pursuing a Master’s of Forestry degree at Yale. Caitlin has academic
training and professional work experience in native and non-native invasive plant management,
conducting stakeholder analyses, environmental education, and community-based forest management.
Lucas Knowles is from Alaska. He has a B.A. from Yale in Environmental Studies and is now pursuing a
Master’s of Environmental Management. His experiences cover a broad range of topics from forestry
management to social ecology, although his specialty is public lands and natural resource policy.
Andrew Mackie is originally from New York State and has a B.S. in Biology. He is pursuing a Master’s
of Environmental Management at Yale. Andrew has extensive experience in wildlife ecology and
management, environmental education, ornithology, and land conservation.
Kyle Meister is from Lansing, Michigan. He holds a B.S. in Natural Resource Ecology and Management
and is pursuing a Master’s of Forestry at Yale. He has experience with ecology and forestry management
in forests of the Eastern United States.
Jeffrey Ross is from the Northwest Angle First Nation in Canada. He is a graduate of the University of
Montana and holds a B.S. in Resource Conservation, and is pursuing a Master’s of Forest Science at Yale.
Jeff’s research focus is on how disturbances, such as drought, fire, and insect outbreaks disrupt the carbon
flux of forests.
Chisato Tomimura is from Japan and studied botany at Oberlin College in Ohio. She is pursuing a
Master’s of Forestry Science at Yale, and is interested in applying natural science to real world issues.
APPENDIX 6 –
Timeline of the Incarnation Center Property
Appendix 6 - Timeline of the Incarnation Center Property
APPENDIX 7 –
Soil Series of the Incarnation Center Property
Appendix 7 - Soil Series of the Incarnation Center Property
Soil series are produced by the U.S. Geological Survey and provide a general description
of an area’s soils. Soil series found on the IC property are grouped by soil order.
Soil Distribution of Incarnation Center
Inceptisols
Canton and Charlton Soils
The Canton-Charlton complex is very similar to the Charlton-Chatfield complex.
However, it consists of well drained loamy till deposited over sandy till. As a result of
the higher sand content, the soils of this complex tend to weather faster than those of the
Charlton-Chatfield complex, for which the presence of a zone of leaching provides
evidence (the E horizon). As with the Charlton-Chatfield complex, if also occurs on
glaciated plains, hills, and ridges and is wooded with a similar species composition.
Charlton-Chatfield Complex
The Charlton-Chatfield complex occurs on deep, well to somewhat excessively drained
loamy soils formed in till on glaciated plains, hills, and ridges. This soil series occupies
the largest area –almost half of IC property. Most areas typical of this complex are
wooded with black, red, and white oak, hickory, sugar maple, red maple, black birch,
white ash, beech, white pine, and hemlock. Drier sites of the complex can contain eastern
red cedar and chestnut oak, while wetter areas are able to support Atlantic white-cedar.
Ninigret and Tisbury Soils
This soil consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy over sandy
and gravelly outwash. They are nearly level to steeply sloping soils on glaciofluvial
landforms, typically in slight depressions and broad drainage ways. It has very low CEC
value (0.5 milliequivalents per 100 grams). It appears that some of these areas were
mined for sand and gravel in the past. Common trees associated with these soils are red,
white and black oak, red maple, sugar maple, white pine, gray birch, white ash, and
hemlock.
Paxton-Montauk
This complex is of well-drained loamy till on till plains, hills, and drumlins. However,
soils with characteristics more closely related to the Montauk series consist of mostly
granitic material and soils with more characteristics of the Paxton series consist of more
heavily compacted till. These are relatively productive soils. Tree species typically
found on these soils are red, white, and black oak, hickory, white ash, sugar maple, red
maple, hemlock, yellow poplar, and white pine.
Ridgebury, Leicester and Whitman
These series consist of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in glacial till derived
mainly from granite, gneiss, and schist. These soils are nearly level or gently sloping
soils in depressions and drainage ways on low-lying positions on hills and uplands. Most
of these areas are forested wetlands and drainage ways with gray birch, alder, red maple,
red oak, hemlock, elm, red spruce, hop-hornbeam, balsam fir and water tolerant
herbaceous plants.
Woodbridge Fine Sandy Loam
This series is formed of moderately well-drained, loamy soils formed in till. They are
very deep to bedrock and are nearly level to moderately sloping. They occur on till
plains, hills, and drumlins. On the IC property, they are associated with some drainages
and wetlands, which is due to their finer texture and thus increased moisture holding
capacity. Tree species typically found on these soils are red, white, and black oak,
hickory, white ash, sugar maple, red maple, hemlock, and white pine.
Entisols
Hinckley Gravelly Sandy Loam
Very deep, excessively drained soils formed in water-sorted material comprise this small
sliver left untouched from a previous gravel-mining operation. Soils of this series are
nearly level and occur on terraces, outwash plains, and deltas. The small section of
Hinckley soil was most likely left as a buffer between the neighboring gravel company’s
and IC’s property boundary. These areas tend to be wooded, but with more species
characteristic of dry, infertile sites, such as bracken fern, sweet-fern, and low-sweet
blueberry. Common trees include red, white, black and scarlet oak, white and pitch pine,
hemlock, and gray birch.
Udorthents, smoothed and pits complex
Udorthents are soils that have been disturbed by filling or removal of material. They are
well to excessively drained soils consisting of course textured material. It is not possible
to generalize other characteristics of these sites. It should be noted that there has been
little soil development in the area that much of it has been planted over with white pine.
Histosols
Adrian and Palms
These soils are very poorly drained and consist of thick organic horizons 15 to 51 inches
thick over loamy till and sandy outwash plains. The mucky organic horizons are
composed of mostly herbaceous plant material, although woody plants may be present on
site. This soil series has the highest pH of all soils occurring in IC property. Common
plants associated with these soils include various grasses, reeds, sedges, dogwood, alder,
aspen, willow, and trembling aspen.
APPENDIX 8 –
U.S. EPA Drinking Water Standards
Appendix 8 - U.S. EPA Drinking Water Standards
Drinking Water Monitoring, Compliance, and Enforcement
Meeting Drinking Water Standards
Water systems, states, and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) each have a role in monitoring and
assuring drinking water quality. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires USEPA to set drinking water standards
that public water systems (providing drinking water to the public) must meet (USEPA has set standards for 90
contaminants, seven of which are new standards that will be enforceable January 1, 2002). Under SDWA, states that meet
certain requirements, including setting regulations that are at least as stringent as USEPA's, may apply for, and receive
primary enforcement authority, or primacy. All states and territories, except Wyoming and the District of Columbia, have
received primacy. While no Indian tribe has yet applied for and received primacy, four tribes currently receive "treatment
of state" status, and are eligible for primacy.
Monitoring Drinking Water Quality
Individual water systems submit samples of their water for laboratory testing (monitoring) to verify that the water they
provide to the public meets all federal and state standards. How often and where samples are taken varies from system to
system and contaminant to contaminant.
USEPA specifies in regulations the analytical methods that must be used to analyze drinking water samples. States or
USEPA certify the laboratories that conduct the analyses. Requirements vary depending on the contaminant group,
whether the water system uses ground water or surface water, and the number of people served. Water systems must also
test for certain contaminants for which there are no current standards. These occurrence data are used to help determine
which contaminants should be regulated by new standards, and the levels of those standards.
Who is Protected
People whose water comes from public water systems, which serve most cities and towns, schools, businesses,
campgrounds, and shopping malls, are protected by drinking water standards. The 10 percent of Americans whose water
comes from private wells (individual wells serving fewer than 25 persons) are not required to be protected by these federal
standards. People with private wells are responsible for making sure that their own drinking water is safe. Some states do
set standards for private wells, so well owners should check their state requirements. USEPA recommends testing your
water once per year to see if it meets federal and state standards. Call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791
or see the Safewater home page at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/sco.html to find out how to get a list of certified
testing labs in your state, or call your State Department of Public Health.
Bottled Water
Bottled water is regulated by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food product, and is required to meet the
same standards that USEPA is required to meet the same standards that USEPA sets for tap water. For information on
bottled water regulations, call FDA at 1-800-463-6332.
Compliance
Public water systems are responsible for complying with all regulations, including monitoring, reporting, performing
treatment techniques, record keeping, and public notice requirements. States, in turn, keep the data for systems in the files
in state data systems. States report violations of Maximum Contaminant Levels and treatment techniques, as well as
monitoring violations, to USEPA.
Compliance Assistance
States and USEPA engage in a variety of activities to help water systems remain in, or return to, compliance. These
activities include: visiting water systems and reviewing their facilities, equipment, and operations; helping systems invest in
preventive measures; providing financial assistance for system improvements; loaning specialized monitoring equipment;
conducting training sessions; holding public information meetings; and publishing newsletters and bulletins. USEPA also
participates with other organizations in the Local Government Environmental Assistance Network (LGEAN), which
provides environmental management, planning, and regulatory information for local government elected and appointed
officials, managers, and staff.
9-IC Sectional\Public Outreach-Information\Drinking Water Monitoring, Compliance & Enforcement.doc
APPENDIX 9 –
Manganese and Drinking Water Fact Sheet
July 2001
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
Manganese in Drinking Water
Manganese is a mineral that naturally occurs in rocks and soil and is a normal constituent of the human diet. It exists in well water in Connecticut as a groundwater mineral, but may also be present due
to underground pollution sources. Manganese may become noticeable in tap water at concentrations
greater than 0.05 milligrams per liter of water (mg/l) by imparting a color, odor, or taste to the water.
However, health effects from manganese are not a concern until concentrations are approximately 10
times higher.
The Department of Public Health recently set a drinking water Action Level for manganese of 0.5 mg/
l to ensure protection against manganese toxicity. This Action Level is consistent with the World
Health Organization guidance level for manganese in drinking water. Local health departments can
use the Action Level in making safe drinking water determinations for new wells, while decisions regarding manganese removal from existing wells are made by the homeowner in consultation with local health authorities.
This fact sheet is intended to help individuals who have manganese in their water understand the
health risks and evaluate the need for obtaining a water treatment system.
What Health Effects Can Manganese Cause?
Exposure to high concentrations of manganese over the course of years has been associated with toxicity to
the nervous system, producing a syndrome that resembles Parkinsonism. This type of effect may be more
likely to occur in the elderly. The new manganese Action Level is set low enough to ensure that the potential nervous system effect will not occur, even in those who may be more sensitive. Manganese is unlikely
to produce other types of toxicity such as cancer or reproductive damage.
Is Manganese Of Particular Concern For Young Children?
Yes, and especially so for bottle-fed infants. Certain baby formulas contain
manganese, and if prepared with water that also contains manganese, the infant may get a higher dose than the rest of the family. In addition, young children appear to absorb more
manganese than older age groups but excrete less. This adds up to a greater potential for exposure in the
very young. Since manganese's effects on the developing nervous system have not been adequately studied,
it is especially prudent that drinking water for pregnant women and young children be below the manganese
Action Level.
How Do I Know if I Have Manganese in My Water?
You may suspect that manganese is in your water if the water is discolored (brownish-red),
causes staining of plumbing fixtures (faucets, sinks) or clothing, or has an off-taste or odor. If
this is the case, you should have your water tested by a state-certified laboratory for manganese. When you get the results, you should contact your local health department to help you interpret the
results. The following questions and answers should also be helpful.
What Is The Water Concentration Where Manganese Becomes A Health Risk?
As stated in the introduction, manganese concentrations below 0.5 mg/l are not a health concern even
though they may cause the water to look, taste, or smell unusual. The Connecticut Action Level of 0.5 mg/l
is set well below any health effect level and thus provides a margin of safety. You should consider treating
the water to reduce the manganese concentration if it is above the Action Level. This will ensure that an
adequate margin of safety exists to protect you and your family.
What Are the Background or Normal Levels of Manganese in Groundwater?
The levels of manganese in groundwater from natural leaching processes can vary widely depending upon
the types of rock and minerals present at the water table. Typically, manganese concentrations from natural
processes are low but can range up to 1.5 mg/l or higher. Sources of pollution rich in organic matter (e.g.,
runoff from landfills, compost, brush or silage piles, or chemicals such as gasoline) can add to the background level by increasing manganese release from soil or bedrock into groundwater.
Although natural processes can cause manganese concentrations to reach the state Action Level of 0.5 mg/
l, these levels are still a health concern.
How Else Can I Be Exposed To Manganese?
Manganese is a common trace element in the diet, with the amount of dietary exposure typically outweighing that which comes from drinking water. It should also be noted that manganese is added to some dietary
supplements leading to even greater exposures for those taking such supplements. When water concentrations exceed 0.5 mg/l, the contribution from water becomes significant and can put you at an increased
health risk. Bathing and showering in manganese-containing water does not increase your exposure since
manganese does not cross the skin and doesn't get into the air.
How Can I Decrease My Family's Exposure to Manganese?
If you have a water concentration greater than 0.5 mg/l, you should consider installing a water treatment system or drink bottled water. People often choose to
treat the water if the concentration is above 0.05 mg/l because of the way manganese can affect the water's properties (color, taste, staining) at these low levels.
Treatment systems are primarily of the filtration type, including manganese greensand, manganese dioxide,
ion exchange with potassium chloride regeneration, or aeration followed by filtration. The concentration of
manganese in the water and its physical state in the water will help determine the optimum treatment design. Therefore, before purchasing a system check with your local health department, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) (860-424-3705), or CTDPH's Water Supplies Section (860509-7333).
If the manganese water concentration is above 1.5 mg/l or if the concentration suddenly increases, you or
your local health department should contact the DEP. They will investigate whether a source of pollution
may be responsible for the manganese concentrations in your well.
Are There Federal Standards For Manganese In Drinking Water?
There are no enforceable federal drinking water standards for manganese. The USEPA has a secondary
standard of 0.05 mg/l which is intended to let the public know that manganese can affect water quality at
this level. This secondary standard is not health-based and is not enforceable. In the absence of a federal
standard, the Connecticut Department of Public Health has developed the Action Level described above.
Where Can I Get More Information?
You can contact the state Department of Public Health at the address and phone number below or your local
health department for more information regarding manganese in well water. In addition, you can contact
the Connecticut DEP (860-424-3705) about potential sources of manganese in well water and treatment options. DPH's Water Supplies Section (860-509-7333) can also be called for assistance on manganese treatment options.
If you have additional questions or would like more information, please contact:
State of Connecticut Department of Public Health
Environmental & Occupational Health Assessment Program
410 Capitol Avenue, MS#11CHA
PO Box 340308
Hartford, CT 06134-0308
Phone: (860) 509-7742, Fax: (860) 509-7785
APPENDIX 10 –
E. Coli and Drinking Water Fact Sheet
x
x
x
x
x
- Use bottled or boiled water.
Brushing Teeth:
- After you bathe or shower, wash
your hands in chlorinated or bottled/
boiled water.
- Sponge baths are recommended for
children instead of tub baths. Use a
clean supply of water if possible.
- Adults may continue to shower as
long as no water is swallowed.
Bathing/Showering:
- You can use a dishwasher, as long
as the temperature reaches at least
160o F degrees.
- Wash and rinse dishes
with boiled or bottled water and dish
soap.
Washing Dishes:
- Get rid of ice cubes made
with contaminated water.
- Wash ready to eat foods, such as
fruits and vegetables, in bottled
water or water boiled for at least 1
minute.
Food:
- Boil water for a minimum of
1 minute or use bottled water.
Drinking Water:
What do I do if I have been
notified that my drinking water
is E. coli positive?
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC):
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/
diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA):
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ecoli.html
Governor M. Jodi Rell
Commissioner J. Robert Galvin, M.D., M.P.H.
www.dph.state.ct.us
Keeping Connecticut Healthy
October 2005
State of Connecticut
Department of Public Health
Regulatory Services Branch
Drinking Water Section
410 Capitol Avenue– MS #51WAT
P. O. Box 340308
Hartford, Connecticut 06134-0308
Phone: 860-509-7333
Fax: 860-509-7359
Information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency
x
x
Additional information may be
obtained from these websites:
Additional Information
most severe is E. coli O157:H7, which makes a
strong toxin and can cause severe illness.
x There are many different strains of E. coli. The
drinking water and the water is not protected,
treated or poorly treated, E. coli may get into the
drinking water.
x When these waters are used as sources of
washed into creeks, rivers, streams, lakes, or
groundwater.
x During rainfalls or snowmelts, E. coli may be
of recent sewage or animal waste contamination.
x The presence of E. coli in water is a strong sign
commonly found in the intestines of animals and
humans.
x E. coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria
What is E. coli and where does it come
from?
Information the Public
Should Know
E.coli in Drinking Water
State of Connecticut
Department of Public Health
Regulatory Services Branch
Drinking Water Section
Very few strains of E. coli cause
disease. However, E. coli in a water
sample shows recent fecal contamination
and this can make you sick.
Health symptoms related to drinking or
swallowing water contaminated with
bacteria usually range from no ill
effects to cramps and diarrhea.
Most E. coli O157:H7 cases are caused
by food contamination, such as ground
beef and unpasteurized milk, juice,
or cider.
In rare cases, E. coli O157:H7
infections have happened from
untreated or poorly treated water.
E. coli O157:H7 infection often causes
severe bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps,
nausea and headaches.
In some people, mainly children
under 5 years of age, the elderly, and
people with weak immune systems, the
infection can cause hemolytic uremic
syndrome (HUS).
HUS causes the red blood cells in the
body to be destroyed and the kidneys
to fail.
About 2%-7% of E. coli O157:H7
infections lead to HUS.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
What are the health
effects of an E. coli
infection ?
A system that operates at least 60 days per year,
and serves 25 people or more or has 15 or more
service connections, is regulated as a public water
system under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Public water systems have to test for coliform
bacteria under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
x
All public water systems in the State of
Connecticut have to meet State and
Federal drinking water regulations.
x
x
How do I know my water is
safe to drink?
All people who all of a sudden have diarrhea with
blood should get their stool tested for E. coli
O157:H7.
They may also post a notice in obvious
locations that are visited regularly by persons
served by the public water system.
To get information about your drinking water,
look at your Consumer Confidence Report
(CCR), which must be given to consumers by
July 1st of every year, or you may call your
local water system directly.
x
Your water system may use different forms of
boil water notice delivery, which may include
radio, television, and hand delivery.
x
x
If you get your water from a public water
system, then your water system must, by law,
notify you if your water is not safe.
x
Talk to a doctor if you have these symptoms and
think you may have an E. coli infection.
x
x
All public water systems using surface waters
must disinfect, which will kill E. coli O157:H7.
x
Stay hydrated! Drink small sips of bottled water
during the whole day to prevent dehydration.
x
Systems using surface water, rather than
groundwater, need to take extra steps to protect
against bacterial contamination because they are
out in the open.
x
Do not take something for diarrhea symptoms,
such as Imodium, if you suspect an E. coli
infection
Most people recover without medicine in 5-10
days.
x
x
Symptoms usually appear within 2-4 days, but
can take up to 8 days.
x
How long does it take for
symptoms to occur?
APPENDIX 11 –
Incarnation Center Drinking Water Testing Results
APPENDIX 12 –
Species Observed on the Incarnation Center Property
Eastern Cottontail
American Beaver
Eastern Gray
Squirrel
Flying Squirrel
Eastern Chipmunk
White-footed
Deermouse
Northern Raccoon
Virginia Opossum
Fisher
Weasel
Bobcat
Coyote
Red Fox
Black Bear
Northern River
Otter
Mammals
Updated 24
November 2007
Lontra canadensis
Sciurus carolinensis
Glaucomys sp.
Tamias striatus
Peromyscus
leucopus
Procyon lotor
Didelphis virginiana
Martes pennanti
Mustela sp.
Lynx rufus
Canis latrans
Vulpes vulpes
Ursus americanus
Sylvilagus
floridanus
Castor canadensis
Species List for the Incarnation Center
Observations from
the field
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Incarnation Staff
observations
x
x
x
Ahki
Observations
Other
observations
Appendix 12 – Species Observed on the Incarnation Center Property
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
Reptiles and
Amphibians
Black Rat Snake
Northern Black
Racer
Northern Water
Snake
Northern Brown
Snake
Eastern Garter
Snake
Eastern Ribbon
Snake
Eastern Hognose
Snake
Northern Ringneck
Snake
Eastern Milk
Snake
Northern
Copperhead
Common
Snapping Turtle
Eastern Box Turtle
Eastern Painted
Turtle
White-tailed Deer
Striped Skunk
x
x
x
Nerodia sipedon
Storeria dekayi
Thamnophis sirtalis
Thamnophis
sauritus
Heterodon
platryrhinos
x
x
x
x
Chelydra serpentina
Terrapene carolina
Chrysemys picta
x
x
Diadophis punctatus
Lampropeltis
triangulum
Agkistrodon
contortrix
x
x
Coluber constrictor
Incarnation Staff
observations
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
Elaphe obsoleta
Mephitis mephitis
Odocileus
virginianus
x
Other
observations
SC
SC
SC
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
Birds
Double-crested
Cormorant
Wood Duck
Mallard
Turkey Vulture
Osprey
Sharp-shinned
Hawk
Ambystoma
opacum
Ambystoma
maculatum
Bufo americanus
Bufo fowleri
Pseudacris crucifer
Hyla veriscolor
Rana sylvatica
Rana palustris
Rana clamitans
Rana catesbeiana
Marbled
Salamander
Spotted
Salamander
American Toad
Fowler's Toad
Spring Peeper
Gray Treefrog
Wood Frog
Pickerel Frog
Green Frog
Bullfrog
x
x
x
x
x
x
Phalacrocorax
auritus
Aix sponsa
Anas platyrhynchos
Cathartes aura
Pandion haliaetus
Accipiter striatus
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ahki
Observations
x
x
Incarnation Staff
observations
x
Eurycea islineata
x
x
x
Plethodon cinereus
Hemidactylium
scutatum
Notophthalmus
viridescens
Red-spotted Newt
Redback
Salamander
Four-toed
Salamander
Northern Twolined Salamander
Other
observations
E
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
American Crow
Common Raven
Tree Swallow
Black-capped
Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
White-breasted
Nuthatch
Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker
Red-bellied
Woodpecker
Downy
Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Northern Flicker
Eastern Phoebe
Blue-headed Vireo
Blue Jay
Bald Eagle
Wild Turkey
Mourning Dove
Barred Owl
Belted Kingfisher
Cooper's Hawk
Red-shouldered
Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk
x
x
x
x
x
x
Poecile atricapilla
Baeolophus bicolor
Sitta carolinensis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ahki
Observations
Picoides pubescens
Picoides villosus
Colaptes auratus
Sayornis phoebe
Vireo solitarius
Cyanocitta cristata
Corvus
brachyrhynchos
Corvus corax
Tachycineta bicolor
Sphyrapicus varius
Melanerpes
carolinus
x
x
Buteo lineatus
Buteo jamaicensis
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
Meleagris gallopavo
Zenaida macroura
Strix varia
Ceryle alcyon
x
x
x
x
x
Accipiter cooperii
Incarnation Staff
observations
x
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
E
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
Largemouth Bass
Smallmouth Bass
Bluegill
Fish
Banded Killifish
Eastern Towhee
Song Sparrow
White-throated
Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Common Grackle
American
Goldfinch
Palm Warbler
Northern Cardinal
Cedar Waxwing
European Starling
Winter Wren
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Ruby-crowned
Kinglet
Hermit Thrush
American Robin
x
x
x
x
Regulus satrapa
Regulus calendula
Catharus guttatus
Turdus migratorius
Bombycilla
cedrorum
Sturnus vulgaris
Dendroica
palmarum
Cardinalis cardinalis
x
Carduelis tristis
x
x
x
x
x
x
Zonotrichia albicollis
Junco hyemalis
Quiscalus quiscula
Fundulus diaphanus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Micropterus
x
x
Pipilo
erythrophthalmus
Melospiza melodia
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
x
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Incarnation Staff
observations
x
x
x
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
x
x
x
Nonnative
Species
x
Bald-faced Hornet
Yellowjacket
Bumblebee
Caddisfly
Crane Fly
Water Striders
Hemlock Woolly
Adelgid
Eastern Dobsonfly
Alderflies
Whirligig Beetles
Predaceous Diving
Beetles
Mayflies
Invertebrates
Hickory Tussock
Moth
Orange Sulphur
Meadowhawk
Black-legged Tick
Rainbow Trout
Brook Trout
Yellow Perch
Chain Pickerel
Brown Trout
x
Adelges tsugae
Corydalus cornutus
Megaloptera
Family Gyrinidae
Family Dytiscidae
Dolichovespula
maculata
Vespula sp.
Bombus sp.
Order Trichoptera
Family Tipulidae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Family Gerridae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ahki
Observations
x
Lophocampa caryae
Colias eurytheme
Sympetrum sp.
Ixodes scapularis
Order
Ephemeroptera
dolomieu
Perca flavescens
Esox niger
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Salvelinus fontinalis
Incarnation Staff
observations
Other
observations
x
x
x
x
x
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
x
x
Bigtooth Aspen
Northern Bayberry
Shagbark Hickory
Pignut Hickory
Paper Birch
Black Birch
Eastern Hophornbeam
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ostrya virginiana
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Juniperus virginiana
Salix discolor
Populus
grandidentata
Myrica pensylvanica
Carya ovata
Carya glabra
Betula papyrifera
Betula lenta
Pinus strobus
Larix laricina
Picea abies
Tsuga canadensis
Chamaecyparis
thyoides
Trees
Eastern White
Pine
Tamarack
Norway Spruce
Eastern Hemlock
Atlantic Whitecedar
Eastern Redcedar
Pussy Willow
Amphipoda
Family Cambaridae
Craspedacusta
sowerbyi
Bivalvia
Family Culicidae
Family
Chironomidae
Isopoda
Midge
Aquatic Sow Bugs
Terrestrial Isopod
Scuds
Crayfish
Freshwater
Jellyfish
Freshwater Clams
Mosquitoe
Incarnation Staff
observations
x
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
x
x
Green Ash
White Ash
Sugar Maple
Red Maple
Flowering
Dogwood
Mountain-laurel
Black Locust
Tree-of-Heaven
Winged Sumac
Winterberry Holly
Witch-hazel
Black Cherry
Tulip Poplar
Sassafras
American
Hornbeam
American Beech
American
Chestnut
White Oak
Chestnut Oak
Swamp White Oak
Northern Red Oak
Black Oak
Scarlet Oak
Cornus florida
Kalmia latifolia
Fraxinus
pennsylvanica
Fraxinus americana
Acer saccharum
Acer rubrum
Castanea dentata
Quercus alba
Quercus prinus
Quercus bicolor
Quercus rubra
Quercus velutina
Quercus coccinea
Liriodendron
tulipifera
Sassafras albidum
Hamamelis
virginiana
Prunus serotina
Robinia
pseudoacacia
Ailanthus altissima
Rhus copallina
Ilex verticillata
Carpinus
caroliniana
Fagus grandifolia
x
x
x
x
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Incarnation Staff
observations
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
x
x
Nonnative
Species
x
x
x
x
x
x
Elaeagnus sp.
Lonicera tatarica
Lonicera japonica
Alnus serrulata
Asiatic Bittersweet
Multiflora Rose
Privet
Olive (Autumn
and/or Russian)
Tatarian
Honeysuckle
Japanese
Honeysuckle
Smooth Alder
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
x
Clethra alnifolia
Lindera thunbergii
Rhus radicans
Vitis sp.
Celastrus
orbiculatus
Rosa multiflora
Ligustrum sp.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Prunus virginiana
Platanus
occidentalis
Morus alba
Prunus avium
Tilia americana
Nyssa sylvatica
Betula
alleghaniensis
Viburnum dentatum
Shrubs and
Vines
Arrowwood
Sweet
Pepperbush
Spicebush
Poison Ivy
Wild Grape
Sycamore
White Mulberry
Sweet Cherry
Yellow Birch
Common
Chokecherry
American
Basswood
Black Gum
Incarnation Staff
observations
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
x
x
x
x
x
Nonnative
Species
Skunk Cabbage
White Wood Aster
Goldenrod
White Clover
Herbs
Common
Dandelion
Partridge-berry
Spotted
Wintergreen
Rattlesnake
Plantain
Common Reed
Virginia Creeper
Common
Greenbrier
Common
Buttonbush
Burning Bush
English Ivy
Maple-leaf
Viburnum
Highbush
Viburnum
Low Sweet
Blueberry
Dewberry
Raspberry
Highbush
Blueberry
Goodyera sp.
Phragmites australis
Symplocarpus
foetidus
Aster divaricatus
Solidago sp.
Trifolium repens
Taraxacum
officinale
Mitchella repens
Chimaphila
maculata
Viburnum trilobum
Vaccinium
angustifolium
Rubus spp
Rubus spp
Vaccinium
corymbosum
Smilax rotundifolia
Cephalanthus
occidentalis
Euonymus alata
Hedera helix
Viburnum
acerifolium
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hay-scented Fern
Cinnamon Fern
Ferns
Royal Fern
Aquatic
Vegetation
Water Shield
White Water Lily
Common
Waterweed
Trout Lily
Tussock Sedge
Spike Rush
Thistle
Beech-drops
Indian Pipe
Sundew
Pink Ladyslipper
Common Hepatica
Asiatic Dayflower
Red Clover
Common Mugwort
Jack-in-the-pulpit
x
x
x
x
Elodea sp.
Osmunda regalis
Osmunda
cinnamomea
Dennstaedtia
punctilobula
x
x
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Brasenia schreberi
Nymphaea odorata
Epifagus virginiana
Monotropa uniflora
Drosera sp.
Cypripedium acaule
Hepatica nobilis
Erythronium
americanum
Carex stricta
Eleocharis sp.
Arisaema
atrorubens
Commelina
communis
Trifolium pratense
Artemisia vulgaris
x
x
x
x
Incarnation Staff
observations
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
x
x
Nonnative
Species
x
Thelypteris
noveboracensis
Polystichum
acrostichoides
Onoclea sensibilis
Sphagnum sp.
Lycopodium
obscurum
Geoglossum sp.
Christmas Fern
Senstive Fern
Mosses and
Clubmosses
Sphagnum moss
Ground pine
Fungi
Earth Tongue
New York Fern
x
x
Ahki
Observations
x
x
x
Incarnation Staff
observations
Other
observations
E, T,
SC,
R
Invasive
Species
Nonnative
Species
APPENDIX 13 –
Stand Summaries
Appendix 13 – Stand Summaries
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 1
Species
Basal area
(BA)
(ft2/acre)
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
Relative BA
(%)
Relative
Density (%)
American beech
Black birch
Black cherry
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sassafras
Tulip poplar
1
Understory species
White ash
White oak
SNAGS
7.3
18.2
2.7
15.5
4.5
14.5
24.5
2.7
9.1
1.8
1.8
4.5
2.7
16.6
34.4
50.9
15.6
10.9
103.9
30.9
8.8
9.3
208.4
2.5
5.7
14.4
146.6
679.3
0.0
915.5
148.5
104.5
1255.1
64.1
676.6
0.0
37.5
142.1
0.0
6.6
16.5
2.5
14.0
4.1
13.2
22.3
2.5
8.3
1.7
1.7
4.1
2.5
3.2
6.7
9.9
3.0
2.1
20.3
6.0
1.7
1.8
40.7
0.5
1.1
2.8
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 1
Species
” 2”
2-4”
4-6”
6-8”
8-10”
10-12”
American beech 10.4 Black birch
18.5
2.6
Black cherry
41.7 9.3 Black oak
4.7
Other Hickory*
6.7 Red maple
41.7
47.5
6.8 Red oak
6.7 12.3 Sassafras
6.7 Tulip poplar
3.4 Understory
species1
166.7
41.7 White ash
White oak
2.1
SNAGS
10.4 2.6
1
Includes understory shrubs which do not reach the canopy: Choke Cherry.
12-14”
2.8
4.4
2.0
2.3
-
3.0
2.8
3.0
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
14-16”
0.7
3.7
-
3.1
1.0
4.5
5.1
1.0
-
2.5
0.5
0.4
5.4
0.6
-
0.9
0.7
1.6
-
0.9
0.7
-
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.9
-
-
• 18”
-
1.7
-
-
16-18”
-
0.6
1.4
0.6
0.5
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 2a
Species
American beech
Black oak
Red maple
White oak
SNAGS
Basal area
(BA) (ft2/acre)
20
70
20
10
10
Stems/acre
55.8
89.2
110.8
22.6
8.1
Board
Feet/acre
0
3181.6
0
0
0
Relative BA
(%)
15.4
53.8
15.4
7.7
7.7
Relative
Density (%)
19.5
31.1
38.7
7.9
2.8
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 2a
” 2”
-
Species
American beech
Black oak
Red maple
White oak
SNAGS
2-4”
-
4-6”
73.3
-
6-8”
37.4
37.4
-
8-10”
22.6
22.6
-
10-12”
18.3
18.3
-
12-14”
23.6
-
14-16”
17.5
8.1
16-18”
7.2
-
• 18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 2b
Species
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Tulip poplar
Yellow birch
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
20
40
30
20
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
10.8
36.8
27.4
13.8
84.2
Relative BA
(%)
682.3
939.7
4200
3491.8
682.3
Relative
Density (%)
8.3
16.7
33.3
25
16.7
6.3
21.3
15.8
8
48.7
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 2b
Species
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Tulip poplar
Yellow birch
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
73.3
6-8”
-
8-10”
28.6
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
10.8
10.8
10.8
14-16”
8.1
8.1
-
16-18”
-
• 18”
8.4
13.8
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 2c
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sassafras
Shagbark Hickory
Sugar maple
Tulip poplar
2
Understory species
White oak
Yellow birch
SNAGS
Basal area
(BA) (ft2/acre)
26.7
19.2
5.8
7.5
10
15.8
0.8
2.5
0.8
5
5.8
6.7
3.3
3.3
Stems/acre
270.4
75.7
4.9
10.3
324.2
28.3
38.2
10.9
0.9
2.4
1069.6
4.9
4.3
11.6
Board
Feet/acre
106.9
742.4
310.9
266.7
57.9
1028
0
0
32.9
620.4
0
599.5
121.8
0
Relative BA
(%)
23.5
16.9
5.1
6.6
8.8
14
0.7
2.2
0.7
4.4
5.1
5.9
2.9
2.9
Relative
Density (%)
14.6
4.1
0.3
0.6
17.5
1.5
2.1
0.6
0
0.1
57.6
0.3
0.2
0.6
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 2c
Species
” 2”
2-4”
4-6”
6-8”
8-10”
10-12” 12-14” 14-16” 16-18”
American beech
199.1
54.2
19.5
16.0
3.0
2.0
0.9 Black birch
60.2 6.2
1.4
8.7
3.4
1.3
Black oak
1.4
2.1 Other Hickory*
4.7
2.8
1.0
2.3 Red maple
166.7
162.1
20.8 1.7
1.2
0.9 Red oak
18.5 3.3
4.7
2.3
Sassafras
41.7 Shagbark Hickory
9.3
2.6 Sugar maple
1.0 Tulip poplar
0.9
0.6
2
Understory species
1166.8 White oak
1.0
2.4
1.2
Yellow birch
1.7
2.1
0.9 SNAGS
10.4 1.6
0.7
2
Includes understory shrubs which do not reach the canopy: Flowering dogwood, Mountain Laurel and Witch-hazel.
• 18”
0.3
1.4
1.9
0.5
0.5
2.0
1.1
0.7
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 3
Species
Stems/acre
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
American beech
Black birch
Black gum
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Tulip poplar
White oak
Yellow birch
4
22
2
6
8
6
8
26
6
Board
Feet/acre
2.5
40
0.6
115
8.8
5.9
4.2
18.8
22.2
Relative BA
(%)
0
349.8
151.8
215
464.3
89.4
824.7
1404.4
0
Relative
Density (%)
4.5
25
2.3
6.8
9.1
6.8
9.1
29.5
6.8
1.2
18.4
0.3
52.7
4
2.7
1.9
8.6
10.2
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 3
” 2”
-
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black gum
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Tulip poplar
White oak
Yellow birch
2-4”
114.6
-
4-6”
28.6
-
6-8”
18.7
22.1
8-10”
5.7
10-12”
21.3
3.8
3.8
4.6
-
12-14”
5.9
5.9
2.7
-
14-16”
2.3
2.0
8.8
-
16-18”
3.2
1.8
1.6
3.2
-
• 18”
0.8
0.5
1.3
2.1
7.4
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 4a
Species
Black birch
Black locust
White pine
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
40
50
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
Relative BA
(%)
28.6
235
751.2
0
0
0
Relative
Density (%)
10
40
50
2.8
23.2
74
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 4a
Species
Black birch
Black locust
White pine
” 2”
-
2-4”
407.4
4-6”
146.7
343.8
6-8”
88.3
-
8-10”
28.6
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
-
14-16”
-
16-18”
-
• 18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 4b
Species
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
20
10
30
Sassafras
Sweet cherry
Tulip Poplar
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
16.5
4.2
9.1
849.5
0
2865.6
Relative BA
(%)
33.3
16.7
50
Relative
Density (%)
55.5
14
30.6
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 4b
Species
Sassafras
Sweet cherry
Tulip Poplar
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
-
8-10”
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
-
14-16”
9.4
-
• 18”
9.1
4.2
16-18”
7.2
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 5
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Shagbark Hickory
White oak
Yellow birch
Basal area
(BA) (ft2/acre)
10
6.7
13.3
36.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
3.3
6.7
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
10.3
11.8
12.6
59.4
1.9
5
7.5
5.1
15.7
298
124.2
616.9
1243.7
327.7
243.2
0
0
0
Relative BA
(%)
11.1
7.4
14.8
40.7
3.7
7.4
3.7
3.7
7.4
Relative
Density (%)
8
9.1
9.7
45.9
1.5
3.9
5.8
3.9
12.1
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 5
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Shagbark Hickory
White oak
Yellow birch
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
17.0
-
8-10”
7.5
9.5
7.5
9.5
10-12”
6.1
5.1
15.2
5.1
6.1
12-14”
4.2
4.2
3.6
-
14-16”
11.7
3.1
-
16-18”
4.2
2.1
2.4
-
• 18”
1.2
1.9
1.9
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 6a
Species
Black birch
Black gum
Hop-hornbeam
Other Hickory*
Red oak
Tulip poplar
Basal area
(BA) (ft2/acre)
30
20
10
10
20
20
Stems/acre
25
18
203.7
10.8
23.6
102
Board
Feet/acre
2062.9
394.6
0
682.3
1055
0
Relative BA
(%)
27.3
18.2
9.1
9.1
18.2
18.2
Relative
Density (%)
6.5
4.7
53.2
2.8
6.2
26.6
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 6a
Species
Black birch
Black gum
Hop-hornbeam
Other Hickory*
Red oak
Tulip poplar
” 2”
-
2-4”
203.7
-
4-6”
73.3
6-8”
-
8-10”
28.6
10-12”
-
12-14”
12.7
10.8
10.8
23.6
-
14-16”
-
16-18”
7.2
7.2
-
• 18”
5.1
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 6b
Species
Stems/acre
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
20
10
10
10
20
Green ash
Red maple
Sassafras
Sugar maple
SNAGS
16.3
37.4
15.2
8.1
58.1
Board
Feet/acre
1410.5
0
0
0
0
Relative BA
(%)
28.6
14.3
14.3
14.3
28.6
Relative
Density (%)
12.1
27.7
11.2
6
43
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 6b
Species
Green ash
Red maple
Sassafras
Sugar maple
SNAGS
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
37.4
50.9
8-10”
-
10-12”
15.2
-
12-14”
-
14-16”
16.3
8.1
-
16-18”
7.2
• 18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 6c
Species
American beech
Black birch
Other Hickory*
Red oak
Stems/acre
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
30
50
10
Board
Feet/acre
1833.5
120.1
297.6
15.2
Relative BA
(%)
0
694.6
705.2
0
10
30
50
10
Relative
Density (%)
80.9
5.3
13.1
0.7
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 6c
Species
American beech
Black birch
Other Hickory*
Red oak
” 2”
1833.5
-
2-4”
203.7
-
4-6”
73.3
-
6-8”
37.4
74.8
-
8-10”
-
10-12”
15.2
12-14”
10.8
-
14-16”
9.4
8.1
-
16-18”
-
• 18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 6d
Species
Other Hickory*
White oak
Basal area
(BA) (ft2/acre)
90
10
Stems/acre
147.3
6.3
Board
Feet/acre
3067.9
722.5
Relative BA
(%)
90
10
Relative
Density (%)
95.9
4.1
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 6d
Species
Other Hickory*
White oak
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
-
8-10”
113.2
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
12.7
-
14-16”
9.4
-
16-18”
6.3
6.3
• 18”
5.7
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 7b
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sassafras
Sugar maple
Tulip poplar
SNAGS
Stems/acre
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
13.3
6.7
3.3
3.3
10
16.7
6.7
6.7
26.7
6.7
Board
Feet/acre
622
84.9
2.7
17
24.4
18.8
10.1
9.2
18.5
10.6
151.6
0
235.1
0
0
830.9
0
137.3
2666.1
0
Relative BA
(%)
13.3
6.7
3.3
3.3
10
16.7
6.7
6.7
26.7
6.7
Relative
Density (%)
76
10.4
0.3
2.1
3
2.3
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.3
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 7b
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sassafras
Sugar maple
Tulip poplar
SNAGS
” 2”
611.2
-
2-4”
67.9
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
17.0
17.0
12.5
-
8-10”
7.5
9.5
9.5
10-12”
6.1
10.1
6.1
6.1
-
12-14”
7.9
-
14-16”
2.7
3.1
3.1
3.1
-
16-18”
2.4
-
• 18”
3.3
1.7
9.2
1.1
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 7c
Species
Black birch
Red maple
Red oak
White oak
Yellow birch
3
ZZ
SNAGS
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
20
10
20
10
10
30
10
Stems/acre
12.2
18.3
7.9
5.7
18.3
20.7
22.6
Board
Feet/acre
1435
0
1223.3
454.9
0
2431.7
0
Relative BA
(%)
18.2
9.1
18.2
9.1
9.1
27.3
9.1
Relative
Density (%)
11.6
17.3
7.5
5.3
17.3
19.5
21.4
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 7c
Species
” 2”
2-4”
4-6”
6-8”
8-10”
10-12” 12-14” 14-16”
Black birch
Red maple
18.3 Red oak
White oak
Yellow birch
18.3 ZZ3
3.6 SNAGS
22.6 3
Includes uncommon, usually non-commercial overstory species: Black gum and Swamp White oak.
16-18”
3.6
2.1
-
• 18”
2.5
4
5.7
1.2
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 8
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sugar maple
Tulip poplar
White oak
SNAGS
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
6.7
18.3
1.7
1.7
3.3
20
3.3
1.7
6.7
1.7
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
5.2
31
0.6
305.6
339.5
10.7
2.7
2.5
4.2
8.5
426.6
517.1
125.9
0
0
1697.8
142.7
0
604.6
0
Relative BA
(%)
10.3
28.2
2.6
2.6
5.1
30.8
5.1
2.6
10.3
2.6
Relative
Density (%)
0.7
4.4
0.1
43
47.8
1.5
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.2
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 8
Species
American beech
Black birch
Black oak
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Sugar maple
Tulip poplar
White oak
SNAGS
” 2”
458.4
458.4
-
2-4”
50.9
-
4-6”
18.3
-
6-8”
12.7
8-10”
5.7
-
10-12”
3.8
-
12-14”
2.7
16.3
2.7
-
14-16”
2.3
4.7
4.1
-
16-18”
1.6
7.9
3.6
-
• 18”
2.7
0.9
4.1
1.3
2.7
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 9
Species
Red maple
Winterberry holly4
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
130
10
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
2407.3
1833.5
903.5
0
Relative BA
(%)
92.9
7.1
Relative
Density (%)
56.8
43.2
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 9
Species
” 2”
2-4”
Red maple
1833.5 Winterberry holly4
1833.5 4
Winterberry holly is an understory shrub.
4-6”
334.6
-
6-8”
125.8
-
8-10”
102.6
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
10.8
-
14-16”
-
16-18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 10
Species
American beech
Black birch
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Tulip poplar
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
10
10
20
10
10
Stems/acre
8.1
458.4
9.4
12.7
12.7
22.6
Board
Feet/acre
0
0
694.6
0
667.7
0
Relative BA
(%)
14.3
14.3
14.3
28.6
14.3
14.3
Relative
Density (%)
1.6
87.5
1.8
2.4
2.4
4.3
• 18”
-
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 10
Species
American beech
Black birch
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Tulip poplar
” 2”
-
2-4”
458.4
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
-
8-10”
22.6
10-12”
-
12-14”
12.7
-
14-16”
8.1
9.4
4.1
-
16-18”
-
• 18”
2.3
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 11
Species
Black birch
Black cherry
Black oak
Musclewood
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
10
10
20
50
20
20
Stems/acre
Board
Feet/acre
73.3
1833.5
9.4
3667
56.7
1884.4
51.3
Relative BA
(%)
0
0
412
0
1204.8
0
0
Relative
Density (%)
7.1
7.1
7.1
14.3
35.7
14.3
14.3
1
24.2
0.1
48.4
0.7
24.9
0.7
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 11
Species
Black birch
Black cherry
Black oak
Musclewood
Other Hickory*
Red maple
Red oak
” 2”
1833.5
3667.0
1833.5
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
73.3
-
6-8”
50.9
-
8-10”
51.3
10-12”
7.6
-
12-14”
17.2
-
14-16”
9.4
-
16-18”
3.6
-
• 18”
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 12
Species
Other Hickory*
Tulip poplar
White oak
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
10
50
Stems/acre
7.2
7.2
28.2
Board
Feet/acre
1194.1
437.5
2694.8
Relative BA
(%)
14.3
14.3
71.4
Relative
Density (%)
16.9
16.9
66.3
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 12
Species
Other Hickory*
Tulip poplar
White oak
” 2”
-
2-4”
-
4-6”
-
6-8”
-
8-10”
-
10-12”
-
12-14”
-
14-16”
17.5
16-18”
7.2
7.2
-
Table 1. Stand Summary, Stand 13
Species
Bigtooth aspen
Red maple
Red oak
Tulip poplar
SNAGS
ZZ5
Basal area
2
(BA) (ft /acre)
10
60
10
10
10
40
Stems/acre
10.8
113.1
4.6
2.2
15.2
19.3
Board
Feet/acre
682.3
461.7
741.6
1881.3
0
2948.3
Relative BA
(%)
7.1
42.9
7.1
7.1
7.1
28.6
Relative
Density (%)
6.6
68.5
2.8
1.3
9.2
11.7
• 18”
10.7
Table 2. Diameter distribution and stems/acre, Stand 13
Species
” 2”
2-4”
4-6”
6-8”
8-10”
10-12” 12-14” 14-16” 16-18”
Bigtooth aspen
10.8 Red maple
50.9
22.6
30.3 Red oak
Tulip poplar
SNAGS
15.2 5
ZZ
6.3
5
Includes uncommon, usually non-commercial overstory species: Black gum and Swamp White oak.
*“Other Hickory” includes all other hickory species: Bitternut hickory, Mockernut hickory, and Pignut hickory
• 18”
9.3
4.6
2.2
12.9
APPENDIX 14 –
Addressing Flooding Problems Caused by Beaver
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
The Use of Water Flow Devices in Addressing
Flooding Problems Caused by Beaver
in Massachusetts
1
The Use of Water Flow Devices in Addressing Flooding Problems
Caused by Beaver in Massachusetts
Compiled by
Susan Langlois and Thomas Decker, 1997
Revised by Chrissie Henner, 2004
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife
Publication Information
This booklet is a publication of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (MassWildlife).
MassWildlife is a state agency with a history that dates back to 1866. The agency’s mission is “to protect,
conserve, restore and manage inland species of fish, plants and wildlife, and their habitat, for the benefit of the
people of the Commonwealth.” MassWildlife is concerned for the welfare of all fish and wildlife including rare
and endangered species and is staffed with professional biologists who inventory, conduct research and develop management plans to insure their continued existence in the Commonwealth. Balancing the needs of
people and wildlife is an ongoing mission.
Publication of this booklet is funded in part by a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Copies of this publication are available from the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, One
Rabbit Hill Road, Westborough MA. 01581. Copies can also be found in libraries throughout the Commonwealth and online at www.masswildlife.org.
This guide should be cited as:
Langlois, S.A. and T.A. Decker. 2004. The Use of Water Flow Devices and Flooding Problems Caused by Beaver
in Massachusetts (Rev. Ed.). MA Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. 18pp.
Acknowledgments
This booklet is a compilation of existing manuals, guides and research material regarding methods to address problems caused by beaver. Sources of information for this publication drew heavily from two existing
comprehensive publications: The Beaver Handbook: A Guide to Understanding and Coping With Beaver Activity
by R.G. D’Eon, R. Lapointe, N. Bosnick, J.C. Davies, B. MacLean, W.R. Watt and R.G. Wilson (Published by the
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Northeast Science and Technology, 1995, 76pp. available from Lakehead
University Bookstore (807) 343-8589); and Beaver Damage Control Techniques Manual, complied by the New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s Bureau of Wildlife by D. Hamelin, D. Dougherty, G.
Fuerst, D. Jenks, T. Raffaldi, V. Gilligan, G. Golja and B. Tullar, 1997, 40pp. Sections of these publications are
presented verbatim within this booklet. We are indebted to these agencies and their authors for the use of their
materials in this booklet.
We also thank David Gabriel for layout and design and Peter Mirick for design and editorial review. Nancy
Haver and Shayna LaBelle-Beadman provided illustrations and drawings. Reference to a specific product or
manufacturer does not imply endorsement by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife.
2
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4
Beaver Management in Massachusetts ................................................................................4
Dealing with Flooding Problems Caused by Beaver ...........................................................4
Complaint Procedures ........................................................................................................5
Water Control ..................................................................................................................... 5
Removing or Breaching Beaver Dams .................................................................................5
Road Culvert .......................................................................................................................6
Culvert Guards, Meshes and Grills ................................................................................6
Pitchfork-shaped Guard - Removable Pull Rod Grill.....................................................7
Beaver Fences .................................................................................................................7
Deep Water Fence ..........................................................................................................8
Special Concerns Regarding Water Level Control Devices ................................................. 9
How Does a WLCD Function? ...........................................................................................9
Why Should a WLCD be installed? ....................................................................................9
Where can a WLCD be used? .............................................................................................9
Water Level Control Device Installation ........................................................................... 10
Site Preparation .................................................................................................................10
Water Level Control Device Materials ..............................................................................10
Combination Deep Water Fence/Pipe ...............................................................................11
Clemson Beaver Pond Leveler ..........................................................................................11
Pond Drain Pipes ..............................................................................................................13
Maintenance of Water Level Control Devices ................................................................... 13
Frequency .........................................................................................................................13
Maintenance ......................................................................................................................13
Seasonal Considerations ...................................................................................................13
Additional Considerations for Proactive and Preventive Measures .................................. 14
Road Design Considerations at Water Crossings .............................................................. 14
Road design in Conjunction with Forest Cutting Practices ............................................. 15
Modifying Sites to Discourage Beaver Occupation ........................................................... 16
3
Introduction
This manual is designed as a reference tool for
people who are incurring beaver problems. It explains
how to obtain information regarding current
regulations to alleviate such problems, and provides
information on the various techniques currently
available to resolve flooding problems caused by
beaver activity. While the techniques covered here are
highly effective at some problem sites, none will work
in every situation; all have limitations, and sometimes
unsuitable side effects or unacceptable costs. This
manual provides the information necessary to
determine which technique, if any, is the best option
for any particular situation.
Information on beaver biology, natural history,
population dynamics and the positive and negative
aspects associated with beaver can be found in a
companion publication entitled: Beavers in Massachusetts: Natural History, Benefits, and Ways to Resolve
Conflicts Between People and Beaver. This publication
is available at all MassWildlife offices (see list at back
of booklet), the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst Cooperative Extension Office and at our
website www.masswildlife.org.
Beaver Management in Massachusetts
The statewide beaver management program
includes public education, wetland management, and
an annual regulated harvest season used to control
the beaver population. This program also allows for
traditional, cultural, social and economic activities,
along with the utilization of a secure, sustainable
wildlife resource.
Specific Goals for Beaver:
• Maintain beaver populations compatible
with available habitat.
• Minimize beaver complaints and
property damage caused by beaver.
• Allow a sustainable public harvest of
beaver, to control the beaver population within population density goals.
• Manage beaver for their aesthetic,
economic, consumptive and ecological wetland values.
4
Dealing with Flooding Problems
Caused by Beaver
The number of complaints and the amount of damage caused by beaver in the state is directly related to
the size of the beaver population. Historically, beaver
abundance was influenced by two predators: timber
wolves and people. With the extirpation of wolves and
the lack of any diseases in our region of the country
that effect beaver populations on a large scale, the only
factor left that can control beaver numbers today is
regulated trapping.
The number of beavers in Massachusetts has typically been controlled by the number of beaver harvested by the public under regulated trapping seasons.
Regulated trapping supports many of the management
goals for beaver. The public may engage in the cultural and traditional uses of the resource, the beaver
population can be maintained at levels compatible
with existing habitat, and the amount of property damage incurred by the general public is reduced. The
best prevention is to control the growth and maintain
the beaver population at suitable levels.
However, the adoption of an anti-trapping ballot
referendum in 1996 has severely hampered the ability of fur trappers to control beaver, hence problems
related to beaver activity are increasing statewide. The
net effect of the law actually maximizes the number
of beavers found in Massachusetts. A maximized beaver population maximizes the amount of property
damage and other related beaver problems incurred
by citizens.
The state’s beaver management program has historically regulated the number of beavers afield, maintaining the population at levels compatible with suitable habitat for beaver. The new law eliminates proactive regulated management, yielding an uncontrolled expansion of the beaver population. It allows
the citizens of Massachusetts to take only reactive
measures to beaver that cause property damage.
Complaint Procedures
Removing or Breaching Beaver Dams
Please contact a MassWildlife office (listed on page
17 of this booklet) for information on current
permitting regulations regarding beaver complaints.
Breaching, disturbing or removing beaver dams. State
law makes it illegal for any person to disturb or tear
open a beaver dam or beaver lodge without written
permission from MassWildlife and the local
Conservation Commission or Department of Environmental Protection. Permits are needed to disturb a
beaver dam for any reason in Massachusetts. Even
dams that cause flooding require permits to be
breached. Disturbing beaver dams includes breaching a dam (removing sticks, mud, rocks), adding
vegetation and/or mud onto a dam, or installing a
water flow device through a dam. If the complainant
does not own or legally control the site where the
beaver dam is located, it is their responsibility to
obtain permission to go on lands he or she does not
own or legally control to carry out the permitted
actions.
Disturbing a beaver dam without a permit may
result in fines of up to $25,000 per day for each day
the dam is illegally breached.
Dam breaching is an immediate but very short-term
solution to flooding problems caused by beaver.
Beavers usually rebuild dams quickly, sometimes
enlarging them in the process or creating step dams
throughout the watershed. Beavers are most active at
night. Therefore, dams should be breached in the
morning to allow water to flow all day.
If the complete draining of a beaver pond is warranted, it is more successful during the dry summer
months when there is less available water to resupply
the ponds that are being drained. Ponds that are supplied by seasonal runoff can sometimes be drained
during dry periods so as to discourage beaver and
cause them to relocate. It may also be advantageous
to eventually dismantle the entire dam once the
beaver flowage is abandoned. A narrow notch in the
dam of an abandoned pond is easily plugged by
wandering beavers.
Dismantling by hand. Potato hoes or stone hooks
are the best tools for dismantling dams by hand. Shovels and spading forks are ineffective. Good water con-
Water Control
Since beavers have the ability to build dams to
impound water systems, they can dramatically alter
the environment in which they live. When this activity is in conflict with human land use practices, it can
result in extensive complaints due to damage caused
by flooding. Techniques used to mitigate the flooding
damage caused by beaver include breaching of beaver
dams, protecting road culverts with fences or guards,
and controlling water levels with water flow devices.
All these techniques require a certain degree of effort
and regular maintenance to insure water levels that
can be tolerated (thereby preserving the positive
aspects of the associated wetland).
Initial costs to install and maintain culvert guards/
meshes or water flow devices can be less than the costs
to repair roads, property or buildings damaged by
flooding. Recognizing chronic or potential problem
sites and taking proactive preventive measures may
be more cost effective in the long run.
5
trol is possible if the breach is kept shallow and broad
so that the water level falls slowly. Opening a deep
breach creates a dangerous situation and may cause
serious flooding and erosion down stream.
Power Excavating. Tractor or truck mounted excavators may be used by town, county or state highway employees to remove large amounts of material
from beaver dams but care should be taken to avoid
downstream flooding. Neighbors should be told
where, when, and why a dam excavation is going to
be done. If the method is justified and must be used,
it is best done in mid-summer when the water is low.
Road Culverts
The dam construction activity of beavers is instinctive behavior. It is believed to be a combination of
water flow sensation and the sound associated with
running water that stimulates the dam building activity. Culverts, especially ones made out of metal, will
resonate the sound of the water rushing through them.
Thus, beaver will commonly block road culverts with
sticks, mud and rocks. Culverts blocked from the inside are difficult to clean and potentially dangerous.
The use of meshes and grills, placed on both the upstream and downstream ends of the culvert, can prevent beavers from entering.
Culvert Meshes and Grills:
Pros (+) and Cons (-)
+ Relatively inexpensive
+ Easy Installation
+ Works well if regular cleaning can be
maintained
- Requires frequent and regular cleaning
- May reduce discharge capacity (water
flow) from original culvert design
- May block fish passage
- May be damaged by ice
Culvert Guards, Meshes and Grills
These devices prevent beaver from building a dam
inside a culvert. This is a preventive measure and not
a water regulation device. If beavers build a dam in
front of the culvert, other measures should be taken
(Note: It is not safe to constrict the flow of water
through a road culvert. Culvert guards must be as open
as possible, regularly inspected and cleared of debris.
It is also extremely hazardous to stand in the water in
front of a culvert while unblocking it or to crawl into
one to open it.).
roadway
Precautions for working
around road culverts.
Working around road culverts and other
water control structures can be hazardous.
Appropriate safety measures must be
taken. Be aware of the following:
• fast flowing water
• irregular and slippery bottoms
• cold water
• being drawn into a culvert
• isolated work sites
• unstable pond bottom
6
6'
stream
flow
culvert (3' dia.)
15'
6'
Triangular screen mesh design Constructed from 2" mesh
welded wire: placed on upstream end of culvert: should be
removed during winter to prevent ice damage. Dimensions
shown are for a 1 meter culvert, increase measurements if
required. (Drawing not to scale).
Pitchfork-shaped guard - Removable Pull
Rod Grill
This is made of 1/2"-3/4" heavy steel rods welded
6" apart and held together only at the top with two
horizontal braces or a piece of 3 to 4 inch channel
iron. This device is held in place by the current and
by driving the vertical rods about 6 inches into the
streambed in front of the culvert. It is a preventive
measure to keep wandering beaver from getting inside a culvert and plugging it.
support post (metal or wood)
removable pull post
4"
stream
flow
Removable pull rod grill is easier to remove than wire mesh
because there are no horizontal bars to catch deposited
material. After most material is cleared, posts can be pulled
out, allowing the current to wash away any remaining
material.
culvert. A rigid main wire is suspended above the water
on floats. Several short “dangle” wires hang from this
main wire. These wires extend within an inch of the
surface. When a beaver swims up to inspect the breach
in the dam, it will receive a shock when it touches
one of the dangle wires.
The main advantage of the beaver shocker is that
is easy to install and is a fairly compact device to carry
in the field. The device has to be checked daily after
the installation until the beavers receive a shock and
learn to leave it alone. Since the depth of the breach
in the dam determines the depth of the water in the
pond, a wide range of water level control can be provided with the use of this device. If the water becomes
too shallow behind the dam, beaver may try to build
a dam around the upstream side to try to neutralize
the device.
Both the energizer and battery are expensive and
are often stolen. Therefore, we suggest the use of a
box with a lock for security. Maintenance is minimal.
The device must be checked for battery condition and
to make sure there is no debris in the breach that might
short out the system and shorten the life of the
battery. For these reasons, this device is often ineffective if not inspected and serviced frequently.
Beaver Fences
The purpose of the beaver fence is to physically
exclude beaver from plugging the intakes of road
culverts and prevent them from detecting the flow of
water into the culvert.
stream
flow
Culvert protector-cleaner Constructed by welding steel rods
(4 inches apart) across a looped chain: upper end is held by a
bolt placed through the top of the culvert; tail end is looped
back and anchored on road bank; end of chain can then be
attached to a vehicle and the grill flipped up onto the road to
clear culvert
Electric breach guard - This is an electrically
charged, smooth wire fence with dangling bobs. It is
constructed in front of a dam to keep beaver away
from a breach or away from a previously blocked
stream flow
Beaver Fence Constructed on upstream side of a culvert, it
keeps the culvert clear and allows high water to flow over dam
and through the culvert.
7
Beaver Fences:
Pros (+) and Cons (-)
+ Maintains culvert clear and intact
+ High water flows will spill over dam
and through culvert
+ Maintains constant water level
+ In conjunction with beaver pipes, can
regulate water levels
- Can be expensive, especially if area to
be fenced is large
- Usually requires regular maintenance
- Can create impoundment which will
affect road or railbed characteristics
- Beavers may build dam higher than
roadbed, which may flood road on
sides of impoundment
- May reduce water flow and fish
passage
3. The larger the exclosure, the more effective it is
in reducing the sensation of flow. Culverts with high
flow may require larger exclosure.
4. In areas with uneven bottoms, a floor may be
added to prevent beaver from swimming underneath
the exclosure.
Materials needed
1. 6" x 6" mesh concrete reinforcement wire (6
gauge) has been found to exclude beaver and still allow debris to pass through. This comes in 5' x 10'
panels and in 60" wide rolls.
2. Heavy duty steel posts.
Deep Water Fence
These D-shaped or square fences, 10' to 20' on each
side, are made of 6" by 6" reinforced steel mesh held
by 6' steel fence posts. They are placed above intakes
to prevent floodwater debris or beaver from blocking
a culvert. If beaver place material against the fence,
the resulting dam becomes a temporary emergency
spillway which must be removed or modified to prevent the road grade from becoming a dike. If a Water
Level Control Device (WLCD) is to be used in a culvert, it should be used in conjunction with a deepwater fence.
Deep-water Fence Installation Guidelines
1. Beaver must be prevented from gaining access
to the culvert by keeping the wire exclosure tight
against the bottom and extending the wire 18-24
inches above the surface of the water. It may be necessary to lay mesh across the top surface as well.
2. The exclosure must be of sufficient size to effectively eliminate the sensation of waterflow entering
the culvert. If material is deposited on the wire and it
becomes a temporary dam, the flow capacity of the
exclosure must be at least equal to that of the road
culvert. A 10' by 10' area is generally adequate.
8
If beavers do begin to construct a dam against a
fence installed to protect a culvert, it may then be
necessary to install a WLCD to regulate the water level.
The deep-water fence protecting the culvert will act
as an emergency spillway during high run-off conditions when the WLCD cannot handle the flow. (Note:
Road grades cannot usually be used as dikes. Deposited debris may have to be removed or modified.)
Water Level Control Devices
Special Concerns Regarding Water
Level Control Devices
An assortment of Water Level Control Devices
(WLCD) are available today. All have advantages and
disadvantages associated with their use, and they vary
in terms of expense, maintenance requirements and
performance. (None are 100% effective.) The use of
WLCDs does not eliminate the need to control beaver populations, but may increase tolerance for beaver activity in a specific area. It is usually the application and modification of a few techniques, used in
combination, that is most beneficial at a specific site.
One significant drawback is that very few beaver
problems (i.e.: 4.5% in Massachusetts: 3% in New
York) can actually be solved with a water level control device. Because considerable time and money is
required to build, install and maintain a WLCD, it is
important to choose a site carefully. Even where one
can be successful, a complainant must be committed
to the concept. It is likely to fail if not regularly inspected and maintained. Therefore, consider the following before installing a WLCD:
How does a WLCD function?
a. By excluding and regulating. The best devices
keep beaver away from their intakes and regulate the
water level in the pond. Some devices only delay the
beaver from getting to the intake of the device and
merely slow them from plugging it.
b. The best devices muffle the sound of escaping
water and make the sensation of flow undetectable.
An example would be the Clemson pipe or combination deep water fence and pipe.
c. The level at which a beaver pond may be held
and have the beaver remain varies. The depth of the
lodge or burrow entrance may be used to gauge this
level. If the pond is drawn too low and the beavers
are unable to neutralize the device, the beaver must
either build another dam upstream or downstream,
or abandon the pond.
Why should a WLCD be installed?
a. To prolong the life of a desirable beaver wetland.
However, few sites can support beaver for more than
a few years if young beavers are not harvested each
year.
b. To resolve a dispute between adjacent property
owners affected by the same beaver. One or both owners must agree to purchase materials and to assemble,
install, and maintain the device.
Where can a WLCD be used?
a. Only in a beaver dam that does not directly involve a water control box, dike, or man-made structure. Structures for retaining or passing water must
handle runoff of severe storms; partial obstruction of
these can be disastrous. Never restrict flow capacity
from the original design. (See “Use of WLCD in Road
Culverts).
b. Only in beaver dams where temporary flooding
will do little harm. A WLCD should not be installed
where flooding to the original level cannot be tolerated. It is important not to underestimate the flow
rate when installing pipe style WLCDs. Inadequate
size tubing will result in persistent flooding problems.
c. In areas where there is minimal opportunity for
beaver to neutralize the pipe’s effectiveness. A WLCD
should not be installed in a dam if there are constrictions in the topography downstream of the site. A
drainage that provides countless dam sites should be
avoided.
d. In beaver ponds with pool depth of 4 feet or
more. A WLCD can be installed in less water, but only
if the device disguises the flow of water into the intake and/or the intake is protected by an exclosure.
e. In ponds with clay or gravel bottoms. Soft mucky
or silty bottoms allow beaver the material for blocking WLCD intakes. This is especially true for WLCDs
that have intakes that are not protected by exclosure
or do not disguise the flow of water.
f. Only in accessible sites. People must get to the
site easily for construction, inspection, and
maintenance.
9
WLCD Installation
Site Preparation
Prior to installing a WLCD in a beaver dam, the
water level in the pond should be lowered to the
installation height. Large amounts of water flowing
through a narrow opening in the dam not only make
installation more difficult, but can be dangerous as
well. Depending on the physical characteristics of the
pond, the length of time needed for drawdown may
vary from a few hours to overnight.
Use of Water Level Control Devices in Road
Culverts
If a decision is made to install a water control device in a road culvert, the device must be able to handle
at least the same amount of water as the road culvert
to avoid road flooding.
WLCD Materials
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is quieter than most
other suitable materials but is limited to diameters of
10" or less because of weight. The Clemson pipe, made
with this material, is especially effective.
Corrugated Flexible polyethylene tubing must be
protected from beaver chewing by wrapping it with
chicken or welded wire. It tends to float, so it must be
staked down every 5 to 10 feet. It is also limited to
diameters of 10" or less, but is the cheapest material
available.
Corrugated galvanized steel pipe is limited to
small diameters (less than 8") because of weight and
high cost. It’s more likely to attract beaver plugging,
because water causes excessive noise when passing
through it.
Welded wire cylinders must be reinforced to prevent crushing by beaver and are seriously weakened
by corrosion. They often become non-degradable litter because they are very difficult to remove. However, they are cheap, easily carried to remote sites, and
can be used for quick relief until a more suitable device can be assembled.
Incorrect Installation
The example above shows a water level control
device that passes water directly into a screened-off
culvert. The screening is easily plugged, which will
leave only the device — much smaller in diameter
than the road culvert — to pass the same volume of
water the culvert was originally designed to handle.
This will undoubtedly lead to road flooding during
high water periods.
CAUTION
WATER LEVEL CONTROL DEVICES
(WLCD) WORK ONLY IN A LIMITED
NUMBER OF SITUATIONS
Many important details must be
considered
10
Correct Installation
This example shows a much better design: even if
the screening is blocked and the water control device
cannot handle the water flow, the fenced off enclosure will simply act as an emergency spillway, and road
flooding will be avoided.
Culvert Pipes
Pros (+) and Cons (-)
+ Relatively inexpensive
+ Easy construction and installation
- Must be deep enough to keep intake
fully submerged
- Variable success
- Usually requires regular maintenance
- Reduces amount of water passage from
original culvert design
- May reduce fish passage
Combination Deep Water Fence/Pipe
This is a ten foot square or larger rectangle made
of heavy reinforcing mesh or welded wire fencing
placed out in the deepest water of a beaver pond. A
length of solid tubing is extended from the fence
through the dam at the desired water level. The fence
prevents the beaver from plugging the intake of the
pipe, but sometimes they build a dam around it if they
hear or feel the flow of water.
Special Considerations
1. Use pipe material that conducts the least amount
of sound. Rigid, smooth PVC pipe is probably the best.
2. Use 6" x 6" mesh concrete reinforcement wire
(6 gauge). The mesh size is small enough to keep
beaver out and still let debris through the exclosure.
This wire is available in 5' and 10' panels and rolls.
3. Use of an elbow or angling the pipe so that the
intake remains underwater at all times when the
device is operating will cut down on the sound of
flowing water.
4. The larger the exclosure, the more effective in
reducing the sensation of waterflow.
5. The wire exclosure must be tight against the
bottom of the pond so that beavers are unable to get
underneath it, and should extend 18"-24" above the
pond level. In areas with uneven bottoms, a floor may
be added to prevent beaver from swimming
underneath.
Clemson Beaver Pond Leveler
This is a perforated PVC pipe within a welded wire
pipe and is installed so that the inlet is always submerged. It is designed to minimize the probability that
current flow can be detected by beaver, hence the animals don’t try to block the intake. This particular design is limited to situations where the water input to
a pond is from a small stream or spring. Although, in
some cases, several levelers can be combined to deal
with moderate flows. It is suitable only for small watersheds. During periods of unusually high rainfall,
problems related to the inability of the device to handle
large amounts of water may occur. The situation must
be such that occasional flooding is acceptable.
Clemson Beaver Pond Leveler
Pros (+) and Cons (-)
+ Low maintenance
+ Has been used with excellent success
elsewhere
+ Can control water levels
+ Can combine several levelers together
in heavy flow areas
+ Much information available on
construction and use
- Requires initial investment of time and
money to build and install
- Intake device must be submerged to
work optimally
- Not designed for high volume or fast
flowing water
- May reduce water flow and fish
passage
Construction and Installation Guidelines
The Clemson Leveler is designed to muffle the
sound of escaping water and to make the sensation of
water flow undetectable. To insure the device works
properly it must be constructed and installed using
the following guidelines:
1. The intake should be installed so that it is
always underwater. This helps to eliminate the sound
of the water trickling.
11
H frame support
(steel posts)
2 lengths of
8" PVC
1 length 10" PVC
w/150 – 2" holes
10' x 3' wire tube
10" PVC cap
8" x 10"
reducer
8" elbow
Clemson Leveler
2. Two features are required to help reduce the sensation of water flowing. First, the intake has 150 2inch holes drilled into the 10-inch PVC which is protected by a 3-foot diameter wire pipe exclosure. Second, the 10-inch diameter intake device is reduced
down to 8 inch PVC pipe.
3. An 8-inch PVC is installed on the end of the
device facing up. This helps to keep the intake of the
leveler under the surface of the water.
4. The farther the outlet is from the dam, the less
attractive it is to beaver.
5. Because the intake of the pond leveler must be
under water, there must be a minimum depth of 2
feet of water at the location of the pond leveler.
List of Materials
1...13' section of 10" diameter SDR-35 pipe
1...10"x8" SDR-3 pipe reducer coupling
2...13' sections of 8" diameter SDR-35 pipe
1...10" SDR-35 PVC cap (wooden plug may be substituted)
1...8" elbow (SDR-35)
2...96" sections of 6"x6"x60" concrete reinforcement
wire
1...96" section of 2"x4"x72" galvanized welded wire
1...96" section of 2"x4"x48" galvanized welded wire
2...48" sections of 6"x6"x60" concrete reinforcement
wire
1...box of hog rings
20..Drill point screws to secure the PVC pipe together
5...8' steel “lug-u” posts
4...2" 5/16"or 1/2" bolts with nuts and washers
Tie wire to attach the cage to the 10" PVC pipe
The above listed materials are required to assemble
the beaver pond leveler as shown above.
Pond Leveler Intake Construction
(shown below)
1. Cut two 8' sections of 6"x6"x60" concrete reinforcement wire.
2. Cut the wire so that there are 6" wire ends.
3. Fold into cylinder 5' long; use the wire to fasten
the cylinder together.
4. Fasten the two 5' cylinders together with tie wire;
alternate the seams for a stronger cage.
5. Cap the ends of 10' long cylinder with 3' square
pieces of concrete reinforcement wire.
6. Cover cage with 2"x4" mesh welded wire.
10" wide PVC pipe x 13'
12"
3'
H frame support
No holes
in pipe
Drill 8' of pipe with 150 2" holes
10' long wire cage tie wired to 10" PVC pipe
Clemson Intake Device
12
12"
No holes
in pipe
Pond Drain Pipes
These WLCDs do not disguise the flow of water.
They are usually suspended on posts (3'- 4') above
the bottom of the pond. This helps to delay the beaver from packing sediment and debris around the intake. The harder the bottom, the longer the delay.
These WLCDs are less expensive and lightweight, but
require more maintenance than other WLCDs.
Pond Drain Pipes
Pros (+) and Cons (-)
+ Relatively inexpensive
+ Can set constant water level in beaver
impoundments
+ Preserves impoundment
- Requires initial construction and
installation
- Usually requires regular cleaning and
maintenance
- Variable success rate
ally determines the amount of maintenance that is
necessary. In general, regular pipes installed in ponds
with a silt bottom require frequent cleaning to remove
accumulated sediment, while those installed in ponds
with gravel or hard clay bottoms need less upkeep.
(The composition of pond or stream bottoms is not a
factor when “Clemson Levelers” are used). Maintenance is also found to be related in part to the proximity of the beaver lodge to the installation. The flow
devices located closer to active lodges may have a
larger amount of plugging material, thus increasing
the amount of maintenance required to keep the pipe
clear of debris.
Frequency
Flow devices should be inspected a few days after
installation and once again during the first month of
operation. The frequency of subsequent inspections
and maintenance can be judged from this and, in general, will be at least once a month thereafter.
Minimum length 30'
Incline the pipe so that the
incline is underwater when there is
flow through the device
Flow
Steel Posts
3' minimum
Pond Drain Pipe
Dam Installation of a Beaver Drain Pipe
Maintenance
1. Pipe size and material can vary depending on
flow requirements and the material available.
2. Soft pond bottoms will reduce the useful life of
the pipe. This WLCD lasts long in ponds with gravel
or hard clay bottoms.
After beavers rebuild the dam, they may extend it
back along the pipe for a short distance. Maintenance
consists of cleaning out this debris along the underside of the pipe with a potato hook or by hand. Beavers may also try to plug the outlet end of the pipe by
piling brush on it. This is usually unsuccessful and
normally does not interfere with the function of the
pipe.
Maintenance of Water Level Control
Devices
Beaver pipes need regular maintenance to remain
functional. Maintenance requirements vary greatly
with the individual installation and with the season.
The composition of the pond or stream bottom usu-
Seasonal Considerations
During the fall, pipes may get clogged with leaves
and other debris which needs to be removed. Pipes
not adequately cleaned in the fall usually need
13
cleaning in the spring. All pipes should be checked
for ice damage in the spring because they may
dislodge from their support posts. The amount of summer maintenance depends upon the total
rainfall and seasonal flow in the stream bed, as well as
the composition of the stream bottom.
Monthly inspections are generally adequate to keep
pipes functional. However, unless this maintenance
is carried out, more than half of the pipes installed
will fail.
Additional Considerations for
Proactive and Preventive Measures
The following sections introduce additional considerations to help reduce the potential for beaver
problems in an area. All of these methods propose
ways to alter the area to make the site less attractive
to beaver. Unfortunately though, it may also alter
habitat for other flora and fauna. Please be aware that
all of these methods are highly regulated. The
application of any method must be reviewed on a site
by site basis. The governing state agency that has
authority over the activity is provided at the
beginning of each section for your information.
Road Design Considerations at Water
Crossings
(These activities are governed by Massachusetts
Wetland Protection Act Regulations (310 CMR 10.00).
Contact your local Conservation Commission or state
Dept. of Environmental Protection office for filing
information).
Proactive strategies such as designing road structures to anticipate beaver problems or selecting
appropriate sites for water crossing can prove very
effective. Structure types available include bridges,
round culverts, pipe-arch culverts, horizontal ellipse
culverts, and arches.
Understanding beaver behavior can improve structure design. Since the sound of water flowing over
rocks or logs or rippling through a culvert will stimulate a beaver to build a dam, the road designer may
select a structure with a large area opening to accommodate the natural channel and minimize water flow
noise. Also, metal tends to amplify sound so utilizing
other materials in place of steel culverts, such as wooden
bridges or concrete structure, can reduce noise.
14
When planning the route a road will take and where
it will cross the stream, try to avoid areas where a beaver flowage has previously existed. Although the area
is presently inactive, it is typical for beaver to
re-occupy a site once the food base has regenerated.
One should also avoid areas where a food supply such
as Aspen, Willow or Balsam Poplar is in abundance.
Since it is more difficult for beaver to dam an area
with steep gradients and fast-moving water, locating
a structure (e.g. bridge or arch) at rapids or riffles with
gradients more than 6 percent (slope of 16.7H:1V)
can help avoid beaver problems. Since structures in
areas with steep gradients can impact fish passage, it
is recommended that bridges or arches be used.
Culverts should only be installed in areas with a zero
or minimal gradient.
Fish passage is required for all anadromous fisheries and certain rare/endangered fisheries and is
advisable for all cold water trout streams. To address
fish passage, designers should check water velocities
in a structure to reduce noise and to compare
velocities against fish swimming speeds over the
length of the structure. Designing for fish passage may
automatically “beaver-proof” the structure.
At existing structures the water channel at the
outlet can often be altered. Adding rip rap across the
channel downstream of the structure will cause
ponding water to back up into the structure. This
flooding will raise the water level in the structure,
effectively slowing the water flow velocity and
reducing the noise. By creating several shallow ponds
(steps) fish passage is provided.
Once a structure is sized and installed, it is
important to remember that future installation of water
control devices (e.g. simple screens at the inlet and
outlet) may reduce the structure’s capacity to pass
flood flows. Generally, a culvert in a pond may be
submerged up to one-half of its opening height
without impairing its capacity to pass water. If the
culvert will be submerged more than one-half of its
opening height, then a larger structure will be required.
Devices that diminish flow should be removed
during flood periods and in the autumn prior to freeze
up. Often these devices become clogged with debris
and must be cleaned.
coarse gravel roadbed
water
flow
embedded barrier wall (logs, timber or concrete)
rip rap erosion protection
embedded barrier wall
coarse gravel
roadbed
culvert
water flow
downgrade
Low water crossing If we can accept the fact that a road will experience periodic flooding, then the road can be designed to
receive the flowing water with minimal or no damage.
Road design in conjunction with Forest
Cutting Practices
(This activity is governed by Massachusetts
Forest Cutting Practices Act (132 CMR 40-46).
Contact your regional office of the Department of
Conservation and Recreation for filing information).
To minimize road maintenance where beaver problems are anticipated on lower standard roads, designers can provide a dip or shallow spillway on the road
itself to pass flooding caused by beavers. This is known
as a “low water crossing” or a “wet crossing.”
If designers recognize that there may be a future
beaver problem and choose to accept the occasional
flooding of the road, then the entire section of road
that is expected to be flooded can be reinforced with
rip rap. The surface of the spillway would be coarse
gravel or rip rap sized to stay in place against flood
water velocities, with smaller stones on the road and
larger boulders on the downstream road side slope
where water velocities would be greatest. In some
cases, logs have been used at the edge to provide for a
uniform overflow and resist erosion. This will
minimize road washouts.
Another consideration during the planning stages
of a road is how the road, and specifically, how the
water crossing will be abandoned when it is no longer
required. This is particularly true in areas of beaver
activity, since the water crossings will no longer be
maintained. For environmental reasons, it is now
required to remove the crossings and stabilize the
stream banks to prevent long-term erosion. (Refer to
the Massachusetts Forestry Best Management Practices
Manual for regulatory requirements and guidance).
15
Fencing to protect intake
(constructed of 5' x 10' panels
with 6" square mesh, 6 ga. or heavier)
Water control structure
Locked
cover
Anti-seep collar
Top of water
Dike
Intake
Dike
Clay core trench
Outlet
12" rip rap or stone-filled
gabions for plunge pool
at outlet
Cross Section of Low Level Dike and Water Control Structure
Modifying Sites to Discourage Beaver
Occupation
(Contact your local Conservation Commission or
state Dept. of Environmental Protection office for
filing information).
If possible, include beaver damage prevention,
water control techniques or structures in initial engineering plans. For instance, once an area has been
altered by road construction, it is best to augment these
areas by seeding or planting with new vegetation to
stabilize the soil and minimize erosion. At chronic sites,
it may be feasible, to replace material beaver might use
to construct dams and/or utilize as a food source with
native herbaceous plants which can be maintained by
mowing. To make mowing easier, the banks of drainage ditches and man-made ponds should be gently
sloping. This not only discourages beaver from
burrowing and creating a bank lodge but minimizes
the probability of dam construction. This technique
can be effective if implemented immediately upstream
and downstream of road culverts.
Beaver activity can also be discouraged by eliminating pools and creating riffle areas leading into road
culverts. This can be accomplished through mechanical grading and placement of coarse stone or rubble
in the stream bed. This prevents beaver from obtaining mud and/or from moving material to a site which
they have previously dammed. Beavers are also less
16
likely to construct dams in high gradient areas. Again,
this is most effective when woody vegetation from the
immediate area is replaced with a native herbaceous
mix. (Contact the Natural Heritage Program for
guidance.)
Water control technology should be incorporated
into engineering designs for pond and marsh construction. In shallow water impoundments, dikes should
be constructed with wide bases, gentle slopes, and be
no higher than the top of the water control box. This
control should be an in-line water control structure
placed in the center of the dike or as far away from
the intake as possible. The top of the box should be
protected with a locked cover. Water levels should be
maintained so that the intake remains completely
under water. The intake should also be protected with
a deep water cage or fence to prevent beaver or flood
debris from plugging it.
There are two main objectives with this design. One
is to minimize washout potential by constructing a
wide, low level dike. The other is to disguise the flow
of water at the intake and protect the water control
box from beaver activity.
If you have a beaver complaint or would like more information on controlling beaver
damage, contact the nearest Division of Fisheries and Wildlife District office.
Western Wildlife District
400 Hubbard Avenue
Pittsfield, MA 01201
(413) 447-9789
Northeast Wildlife District
Harris Street, Box 2086
Acton, MA 01720
(978) 263-4347
Connecticut Valley Wildlife District
341 East Street
Belchertown, MA 01007
(413) 323-7632
Southeast Wildlife District
195 Bournedale Road
Buzzards Bay, MA 02532
(508) 759-3406
Central Wildlife District
211 Temple Street
West Boylston, MA 01583
(508) 835-3607
Field Headquarters
1 Rabbit Hill Road
Westboro, MA 01581
(508) 792-7270
Additional Contacts:
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
Div. Fisheries and Wildlife
Field Headquarters
Westboro, MA 01581
(508) 792-7270
Dept. of Conservation and Recreation
Division of State Parks & Recreation
251 Causeway Street, Suite 600
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 626-1250
Dept of Environmental Protection,
Div. of Wetlands and Waterways
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5500
17
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MASSACHUSETTS WILDLIFE
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Field Headquarters, Westboro, Massachusetts 01581
APPENDIX 15 –
State-Listed Species for Middlesex County, CT
A County Report of
Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species
Middlesex County
Amphibians
Scientific Name
Common Name
Protection Status
Ambystoma jeffersonianum
Jefferson Salamander
Scientific Name
Common Name
Accipiter striatus
Sharp-shinned Hawk
E
Ammodramus caudacutus
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
SC
Ammodramus maritimus
Seaside Sparrow
SC
Ammodramus savannarum
Grasshopper Sparrow
E
Anas discors
Blue-winged Teal
T
Botaurus lentiginosus
American Bittern
E
Caprimulgus vociferus
Whip-poor-will
SC
Charadrius melodus
Piping Plover
T
Circus cyaneus
Northern Harrier
E
Egretta caerulea
Little Blue Heron
SC
Egretta thula
Snowy Egret
T
Empidonax alnorum
Alder Flycatcher
SC
Eremophila alpestris
Horned Lark
E
Falco peregrinus
Peregrine Falcon
E
Gavia immer
Common Loon
SC
Haematopus palliatus
American Oystercatcher
SC
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Bald Eagle
E
Icteria virens
Yellow-breasted Chat
E
Ixobrychus exilis
Least Bittern
T
Laterallus jamaicensis
Black Rail
E
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Red-headed Woodpecker
E
SC
Birds
5/30/2007
Protection Status
1
Middlesex County
Birds
Scientific Name
Common Name
Protection Status
Parula americana
Northern Parula
SC
Passerculus sandwichensis
Savannah Sparrow
SC
Passerculus sandwichensis princeps
Ipswich Sparrow
SC
Plegadis falcinellus
Glossy Ibis
SC
Podilymbus podiceps
Pied-billed Grebe
E
Pooecetes gramineus
Vesper Sparrow
E
Progne subis
Purple Martin
T
Rallus elegans
King Rail
E
Sterna antillarum
Least Tern
T
Sterna dougallii
Roseate Tern
E
Sterna hirundo
Common Tern
SC
Toxostoma rufum
Brown Thrasher
SC
Tyto alba
Barn Owl
E
Scientific Name
Common Name
Acipenser brevirostrum
Shortnose Sturgeon
E
Acipenser oxyrinchus
Atlantic Sturgeon
T
Enneacanthus obesus
Banded Sunfish
SC
Fish
Protection Status
Invertebrates
Scientific Name
Common Name
Brachinus fumans
A Ground Beetle
SC
Chlosyne harrisii
Harris's Checkerspot
T
Cicindela formosa generosa
Pine Barrens Tiger Beetle
SC
Cicindela hirticollis
Beach-dune Tiger Beetle
SC
Cicindela puritana
Puritan Tiger Beetle
E
Cicindela tranquebarica
Dark Bellied Tiger Beetle
SC
Citheronia regalis
Regal Moth
SC*
5/30/2007
Protection Status
2
Middlesex County
Invertebrates
Scientific Name
Common Name
Cordulegaster erronea
Tiger Spiketail
T
Eacles imperialis imperialis
Imperial Moth
SC*
Elimia virginica
Virginia river snail
E
Enallagma minusculum
Little Bluet
SC
Euphyes bimacula
Two-spotted Skipper
T
Faronta rubripennis
The Pink Streak
T
Fossaria rustica
Lymnaeid Snail
SC
Gomphus adelphus
Mustached Clubtail
T
Gomphus fraternus
Midland Clubtail
T
Gomphus vastus
Cobra Clubtail
SC
Gomphus ventricosus
Skillet Clubtail
SC
Leptodea ochracea
Tidewater Mucket
T
Leptophlebia bradleyi
A Mayfly
SC
Ligumia nasuta
Eastern Pondmussel
SC
Lomamyia flavicornis
Yellow-horned beaded lacewing
SC
Lycaena epixanthe
Bog Copper
SC
Lycaena hyllus
Bronze Copper
SC
Margaritifera margaritifera
Eastern Pearlshell
SC
Merycomyia whitneyi
Tabanid Fly
SC
Nebria lacustris lacustris
A Ground Beetle
SC
Paraleptophlebia assimilis
A Mayfly
SC
Pomatiopsis lapidaria
Slender Walker
SC
Spartiniphaga inops
Spartina Borer Moth
SC
Sphodros niger
Purse-web Spider
SC
Stagnicola catascopium
Woodland Pondsnail
SC
Stylurus amnicola
Riverine Clubtail
T
Tetragonoderus fasciatus
A Ground Beetle
SC
5/30/2007
Protection Status
3
Middlesex County
Mammals
Scientific Name
Common Name
Protection Status
Cryptotis parva
Least Shrew
E
Lasiurus borealis
Eastern Red Bat
SC
Scientific Name
Common Name
Arenaria glabra
Smooth Mountain Sandwort
T
Arenaria macrophylla
Large-leaved Sandwort
E
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa
SC*
Aristida longespica
Needlegrass
SC
Aristida purpurascens
Arrowfeather
SC
Aristolochia serpentaria
Virginia Snakeroot
SC
Asclepias purpurascens
Purple Milkweed
SC
Asclepias variegata
White Milkweed
SC*
Asplenium montanum
Mountain Spleenwort
T
Aster spectabilis
Showy Aster
T
Aster x herveyi
Hervey's Aster
SC
Bidens eatonii
Eaton's Beggar-ticks
T
Blephilia hirsuta
Hairy Woodmint
SC*
Calystegia spithamaea
Low Bindweed
SC*
Carex bushii
Sedge
SC
Carex buxbaumii
Brown Bog Sedge
E
Carex collinsii
Collins' Sedge
SC*
Carex davisii
Davis' Sedge
E
Carex exilis
Sedge
E
Carex lupuliformis
False Hop Sedge
SC
Carex polymorpha
Variable Sedge
E
Carex squarrosa
Sedge
SC
Carex typhina
Sedge
SC
Plants
5/30/2007
Protection Status
4
Middlesex County
Plants
Scientific Name
Common Name
Castilleja coccinea
Indian Paintbrush
E
Chamaelirium luteum
Devil's-bit
E
Corallorhiza trifida
Early Coralroot
SC
Corydalis flavula
Yellow Corydalis
T
Cuphea viscosissima
Blue Waxweed
SC*
Cypripedium parviflorum
Yellow Lady's-slipper
SC
Deschampsia caespitosa
Tufted Hairgrass
SC
Desmodium glabellum
Dillen Tick-trefoil
SC
Draba reptans
Whitlow-grass
SC
Elymus wiegandii
Wiegand's Wild Rice
SC
Eriocaulon parkeri
Parker's Pipewort
E
Eupatorium aromaticum
Small White Snakeroot
E
Gnaphalium purpureum
Purple Cudweed
SC*
Hemicarpha micrantha
Dwarf Bulrush
E
Honckenya peploides
Sea-beach Sandwort
SC
Hottonia inflata
Featherfoil
SC
Hudsonia tomentosa
False Beach-heather
SC
Hydrastis canadensis
Golden-seal
E
Isotria medeoloides
Small Whorled Pogonia
E
Lachnanthes caroliana
Carolina Redroot
E
Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae
Blazing-star
SC
Lilaeopsis chinensis
Lilaeopsis
SC
Limosella subulata
Mudwort
SC
Linnaea borealis var. americana
Twinflower
E
Linum intercursum
Sandplain Flax
SC*
Liparis liliifolia
Lily-leaved Twayblade
E
Liquidambar styraciflua
Sweet Gum
SC
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa
Globe-fruited False-loosestrife
E
5/30/2007
Protection Status
5
Middlesex County
Plants
Scientific Name
Common Name
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Foxtail Clubmoss
SC*
Lycopus amplectens
Clasping-leaved Water-horehound
SC
Lygodium palmatum
Climbing Fern
SC
Mimulus alatus
Winged Monkey-flower
SC
Myriophyllum sibiricum
Northern Water-milfoil
T
Nuphar advena
Large Yellow Pond Lily
SC*
Onosmodium virginianum
Gravel-weed
E
Ophioglossum pusillum
Adder's Tongue
T
Opuntia humifusa
Eastern Prickly-pear
SC
Orontium aquaticum
Golden Club
SC
Oxalis violacea
Violet Wood-sorrel
SC
Panax quinquefolius
American Ginseng
SC
Panicum amarum
Panic Grass
T
Paronychia fastigiata
Hairy Forked Chickweed
SC*
Paspalum laeve
Field Paspalum
E
Paspalum setaceum var. psammophilum
Bead Grass
SC*
Pedicularis lanceolata
Swamp Lousewort
T
Platanthera blephariglottis
White-fringe Orchid
E
Platanthera ciliaris
Yellow-fringe Orchid
T
Platanthera flava
Pale Green Orchid
SC
Platanthera hookeri
Hooker Orchid
SC*
Podostemum ceratophyllum
Threadfoot
SC
Polygala cruciata
Field Milkwort
SC
Polygala nuttallii
Nuttall's Milkwort
E
Polymnia canadensis
Small-flowered Leafcup
E
Populus heterophylla
Swamp Cottonwood
E
Potamogeton pusillus var. gemmiparus
Capillary Pondweed
E
5/30/2007
Protection Status
6
Middlesex County
Plants
Scientific Name
Common Name
Potamogeton vaseyi
Vasey's Pondweed
E
Potentilla arguta
Tall Cinquefoil
SC
Ranunculus ambigens
Water-plantain Spearwort
E
Ranunculus sceleratus
Cursed Crowfoot
SC
Rhynchospora macrostachya
Beaked Rush
T
Ribes triste
Swamp Red Currant
E
Rubus cuneifolius
Sand Bramble
SC
Sabatia stellaris
Marsh Pink
E
Sagittaria cuneata
Waputo
SC*
Sagittaria subulata
Arrowleaf
SC
Salix exigua
Sandbar Willow
T
Schizachne purpurascens
Purple Oat
SC
Scirpus cylindricus
Salt-marsh Bulrush
SC
Scirpus torreyi
Torrey's Bulrush
T
Scleria reticularis
Reticulated Nutrush
E
Senna hebecarpa
Wild Senna
SC
Silene stellata
Starry Champion
SC
Smilacina trifolia
Three-leaved False Solomon's-seal
T
Spergularia canadensis
Canada Sand-spurry
T
Spiranthes tuberosa var. grayi
Little Ladies'-tresses
SC*
Stachys tenuifolia
Smooth Hedge-nettle
SC
Stellaria borealis
Northern Stitchwort
SC
Utricularia resupinata
Bladderwort
E
Verbena simplex
Narrow-leaved Vervain
SC*
Xyris smalliana
Small's Yellow-eyed-grass
E
Zizia aptera
Golden Alexanders
E
5/30/2007
Protection Status
7
Middlesex County
Reptiles
Scientific Name
Common Name
Protection Status
Clemmys insculpta
Wood Turtle
SC
Crotalus horridus
Timber Rattlesnake
E
Heterodon platirhinos
Eastern Hognose Snake
SC
Terrapene carolina
Eastern Box Turtle
SC
Thamnophis sauritus
Eastern Ribbon Snake
SC
E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, * Believed Extirpated
State of Connecticut
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division
79 Elm St., Hartford, CT 06106
5/30/2007
8
APPENDIX 16 –
NEWILD Species Possibly Found on the
Incarnation Center Property
Appendix 16 – NEWILD Species Possibly Found on the Incarnation Property
“x” denotes possible species utilization of habitat
Common Name
Mudpuppy
Marbled Salamander
Jefferson Salamander
Silvery Salamander
Blue-Spotted Salamander
Tremblay’s Salamander
Spotted Salamander
Red-Spotted Newt
Northern Dusky Salamander
Mountain Dusky Salamander
Redback Salamander
Four-Toed Salamander
Northern Spring Salamander
Northern Two-lined Salamander
Eastern Spadefoot
Eastern American Toad
Fowlers Toad
Northern Spring Peeper
Gray Treefrog
Bullfrog
Green Frog
Mink Frog
Wood Frog
Northern Leopard Frog
Pickerel Frog
Common Snapping Turtle
Stinkpot
Bog Turtle
Spotted Turtle
Wood Turtle
Eastern Box Turtle
Red-eared Slider
Eastern Painted Turtle
Midland Painted Turtle
Blanding’s Turtle
Five Lined Skink
Northern Water Snake
Northern Brown Snake
Northern Redbelly Snake
Deciduous
Forest
White Pine
Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Shrub
Swamp
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stream
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Common Name
Eastern Ribbon Snake
Northern Ribbon Snake
Maritime Garter Snake
Eastern Garter Snake
Eastern Hognose Snake
Northern Ringneck Snake
Eastern Worm Snake
Northern Black Racer
Eastern Smooth Green Snake
Black Rat Snake
Eastern Milk Snake
Northern Copperhead
Timber Rattlesnake
Common Loon
Pied-billed Grebe
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Great Blue Heron
Green Heron
Black-crowned Night-heron
Yellow-crowned Night-heron
Glossy Ibis
Mute Swan
Canada Goose
Wood Duck
Green-winged Teal
American Black Duck
Mallard
Blue-winged Teal
Gadwall
American Wigeon
Ring-necked Duck
Common Goldeneye
Bufflehead
Hooded Merganser
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
Turkey Vulture
Osprey
Bald Eagle
Northern Harrier
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Coopers Hawk
Northern Goshawk
Deciduous
Forest
White Pine
Forest
Shrub
Swamp
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stream
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Common Name
Red Shouldered Hawk
Broad-winged Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk
Rough-legged Hawk
Golden Eagle
American Kestrel
Merlin
Peregrine Falcon
Sora
Common Moorhen
American Coot
Ruffed Grouse
Wild Turkey
Northern Bobwhite
Spotted Sandpiper
Common Snipe
American Woodcock
Ring-billed Gull
Herring Gull
Mourning Dove
Black-billed Cuckoo
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Eastern Screech Owl
Great Horned Owl
Barred Owl
Northern Hawk-owl
Great Gray Owl
Long-eared Owl
Northern Saw-whet Owl
Common Nighthawk
Whip-poor-will
Belted Kingfisher
Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Red-headed Woodpecker
Red-Bellied Woodpecker
Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker
Downy Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Northern Flicker
Pileated Woodpecker
Olive-Sided Flycatcher
Eastern Wood-Pewee
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Least Flycatcher
Deciduous
Forest
X
X
X
White Pine
Forest
X
Shrub
Swamp
Stream
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Common Name
Alder Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher
Eastern Phoebe
Great Creasted Flycatcher
Eastern Kingbird
Purple Martin
Tree Swallow
Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Bank Swallow
Cliff Swallow
Barn Swallow
Blue Jay
American Crow
Fish Crow
Common Raven
Black Capped Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
White Breasted Nuthatch
Red Breasted Nuthatch
Brown Creeper
House Wren
Carolina Wren
Winter Wren
Golden Crowned Kinglet
Ruby Crowned Kinglet
Blue Gray Gnatcatcher
Eastern Bluebird
Veery
Hermit Thrush
Wood Thrush
Swainson’s Thrush
American Robin
Gray Catbird
Northern Mockingbird
Brown Thrasher
Bohemian Waxwing
Cedar Waxwing
Northern Shrike
Loggerhead Shrike
European Starling
White-eyed Vireo
Yellow-Throated Vireo
Red-Eyed Vireo
Blue-headed Vireo
Deciduous
Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
White Pine
Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Shrub
Swamp
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stream
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Common Name
Solitary Vireo
Warbling Vireo
Philadelphia Vireo
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Tennessee Warbler
Northern Parula
Yellow Warbler
Chestnut-Sided Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Black and White Warbler
Pine Warbler
Palm Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
American Redstart
Worm-Eating Warbler
Ovenbird
Northern Waterthrush
Louisiana Waterthrush
Mourning Warbler
Hooded Warbler
Wilson’s Warbler
Common Yellowthroat
Canada Warbler
Yellow-breasted Chat
Scarlet Tanager
Northern Cardinal
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Indigo Bunting
Eastern Towhee
American Tree Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow
Fox Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Lincoln’s Sparrow
Swamp Sparrow
White-throated Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Deciduous
Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
White Pine
Forest
Shrub
Swamp
Stream
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Common Name
Red-winged Blackbird
Rusty Blackbird
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird
Orchard Oriole
Northern Oriole
Common Redpoll
Hoary Redpoll
Purple Finch
House Finch
American Goldfinch
Evening Grosbeak
Pine Grosbeak
Pine Siskin
Virginia Opossum
Masked Shrew
Smokey Shrew
Water Shrew
Long-tailed Shrew
Pygmy Shrew
Northern Short-tailed Shrew
Least Shrew
Hairy-tailed Mole
Star-nosed Mole
Eastern Mole
Little Brown Myotis
Keen’s Myotis
Indiana Myotis
Small-footed Myotis
Silver Haired Bat
Red Bat
Hoary Bat
Big Brown Bat
Eastern Pipistrelle
Eastern Cottontail
New England Cottontail
European Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Eastern Chipmunk
Woodchuck
Red Squirrel
Gray Squirrel
Northern Flying Squirrel
Southern Flying Squirrel
Deciduous
Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
White Pine
Forest
X
X
Shrub
Swamp
X
X
X
Stream
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Deciduous
Forest
Common Name
Beaver
Deer Mouse
White Footed Mouse
Southern Red Backed Vole
Meadow Vole
Rock Vole
Woodland Vole
Muskrat
Southern Bog Lemming
Meadow Jumping Mouse
Woodland Jumping Mouse
Porcupine
Coyote
Red Fox
Gray Fox
Black Bear
Raccoon
Fisher
Ermine
Long Tailed Weasel
Mink
Striped Skunk
River Otter
Mountain Lion
Lynx
Bobcat
White-tailed Deer
Moose
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
White Pine
Forest
Shrub
Swamp
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pond
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stream
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
APPENDIX 17 –
List of IPANE Species by Common Name
Appendix 17 - List of IPANE Species by Common Name
Common Name
Scientific Name
Amur honeysuckle
Amur maple
Autumn olive
Bell's honeysuckle
Bittersweet nightshade
Black locust
Black swallow-wort
Border privet
Brazilian waterweed
Bristled knotweed
Brittle water-nymph
California privet
Canada bluegrass
Canada thistle
Celandine
Chinese privet
Coltsfoot
Common barberry
Common buckthorn
Common kochia
Common reed
Creeping buttercup
Crested late-summer mint
Cup plant
Curly-leaved pondweed
Cypress spurge
Dame's rocket
Drooping brome-grass
Dwarf honeysuckle
Eulalia
Eurasian watermilfoil
European black alder
European frogbit
European privet
European speedwell
European waterclover
False indigo
Fanwort
Fig buttercup
Flowering rush
Forget-me-not
Garden heliotrope
Garden loosestrife
Garlic mustard
Giant hogweed
Giant knotweed
Glossy buckthorn
Goutweed
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder
Acer ginnala Maxim.
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.
Lonicera x bella Zabel
Solanum dulcamara L.
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi
Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc.
Egeria densa Planchon
Polygonum caespitosum Blume
Najas minor Allioni
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.
Poa compressa L.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
Chelidonium majus L.
Ligustrum sinense Lour.
Tussilago farfara L.
Berberis vulgaris L.
Rhamnus cathartica L.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
Ranunculus repens L.
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander
Silphium perfoliatum L.
Potamogeton crispus L.
Euphorbia cyparissias L.
Hesperis matronalis L.
Bromus tectorum L.
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.
Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.
Ligustrum vulgare L.
Veronica beccabunga L.
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Amorpha fruticosa L.
Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray
Ranunculus ficaria L.
Butomus umbellatus L.
Myosotis scorpioides L.
Valeriana officinalis L.
Lysimachia vulgaris L.
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier
Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt ex Maxim.
Frangula alnus Mill.
Aegopodium podagraria L.
Common Name
Scientific Name
Ground ivy
Hairy jointgrass
Hairy willow-herb
Hydrilla
Japanese barberry
Japanese honeysuckle
Japanese hops
Japanese knotweed
Japanese sedge
Japanese stilt grass
Jimsonweed
Kudzu
Leafy spurge
Marsh thistle
Mile-a-minute vine
Moneywort
Morrow's honeysuckle
Multiflora rose
Narrowleaf bittercress
Norway maple
Oakforest woodrush
Onerow yellowcress
Glechoma hederacea L.
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino
Epilobium hirsutum L.
Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle
Berberis thunbergii DC.
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.
Carex kobomugi Ohwi
Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus
Datura stramonium L.
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.)
Euphorbia esula L.
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.
Polygonum perfoliatum L.
Lysimachia nummularia L.
Lonicera morrowii A. Gray
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr.
Cardamine impatiens L.
Acer platanoides L.
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. ex Reichenb.) Hyl. ex A.&
D. Löve
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.
Impatiens glandulifera Royle
Cynanchum rossicum (Kleo.) Barbarich
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.
Lepidium latifolium L.
Callitriche stagnalis Scop.
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc.
Lythrum salicaria L.
Lychnis flos-cuculi L.
Phalaris arundinacea L.
Glyceria maxima (Hartman) Holmburg
Rosa rugosa Thunb.
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
Salvinia molesta Mitchell Complex
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
Onopordum acanthium L.
Rumex acetosella L.
Hypericum prolificum L.
Aira caryophyllea L.
Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq.
Centaurea biebersteinii DC.
Ornithogalum umbellatum L.
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Senecio jacobaea L.
Lonicera tatarica L.
Geranium thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. ex Lindl. & Paxton
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.
Oriental bittersweet
Ornamental jewelweed
Pale swallow-wort
Parrotfeather
Perennial pepperweed
Pond water-starwort
Porcelainberry
Princess tree
Purple loosestrife
Ragged robin
Reed canary grass
Reed mannagrass
Rugosa rose
Russian olive
Salvinia
Scotch broom
Scotch thistle
Sheep sorrel
Shrubby St. Johnswort
Silver hairgrass
Slender snake cotton
Spotted knapweed
Star-of-Bethlehem
Sycamore maple
Tansy ragwort
Tatarian honeysuckle
Thunberg's geranium
Tree of heaven
Variable-leaf watermilfoil
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water chestnut
Water hyacinth
Water lettuce
Watercress
White poplar
Wild chervil
Wild garlic
Wineberry
Winged euonymus
Yellow floating heart
Yellow hornpoppy
Yellow iris
Trapa natans L.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
Pistia stratiotes L.
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek
Populus alba L.
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.
Allium vineale L.
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.
Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb.
Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze
Glaucium flavum Crantz
Iris pseudacorus L.
APPENDIX 18 –
Common Invasive Species in New England
Identification Sheets
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Asiatic Bittersweet
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.
Alternate Common Names: Asian, Oriental, or Round-leaved Bittersweet
- deciduous, woody vine; climbs (or trails on the ground) by twining stems rather than tendrils
- leaves alternate, 2"-5" long, roundish to long-tipped in outline; margins finely toothed
- vigorous growth; may cover tree tops at forest edges; yellow leaves remain into late autumn
- showy fruit has bright red color in late autumn and winter on female plants
- outer surface of roots is bright orange
- buds set at right angles to stems (easily seen in winter)
Asiatic Bittersweet is recognized at a distance by its glossy leaves, excessive climbing over other plants, and
showy fruits. Even as a seedling, its tendency to grow in a twining form is evident. Asiatic Bittersweet vines may
grow to 60' long and 5" in diameter. As the fruit ripens, it changes from a green to a yellow capsule. When the
fruits are ripe in the fall, they show red and yellow color. The yellow is on the inside of the ovary wall which has
split open to reveal the bright red, fleshy seed coatings. In winter, the ovary walls may have fallen off leaving what
looks like a bright red, 1/4" berry.
Asiatic Bittersweet is distinguished from the native American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens L.) by the fruits. In
Asiatic Bittersweet, the fruits grow in clusters of 2-3 (up to 7 fruits) from the point where the leaves are
attached. Long stretches of stem may have many clusters along their length. In American Bittersweet, fruits are
numerous, orange-coated when ripe and are located only at the tips of branchlets, not along the length of the
stems. Beware mislabeled nursery stock.
Asiatic Bittersweet is most problematic in sunny openings or at edges where forests or hedgerows meet roads,
fields, meadows, salt marshes, or other open areas. Asiatic Bittersweet may retard forest regeneration and smother
native vegetation in meadows, thickets and young forests. There is concern for possible altering of the native
bittersweet through hybridization.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Autumn-Olive
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.
Alternate Common Name: Japanese Silverberry
-shrub or small tree that lacks catkins in the Spring; youngest twigs silvery-scaly
-leaves silvery in color (very much so on back sides); alternate; margins wavy, but not toothed
-leaf backs and stems have brown dots (especially in Spring)
-fruits abundant; berry-like; red, when ripe, dotted with silver or brown; found among leaves
-frequently there are a few sharp thorns hidden among the leaves
Autumn-Olive is readily-spotted by its early leafing out; silvery leaves; numerous, round, red berry-like fruits; and
its ability to fill open areas rapidly with dense thickets. All species of Elaeagnus in the USA have silvery, alternate
leaves. Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.), a non-native species which also behaves invasively, is found in
New England, but is less-frequently seen than Autumn-Olive.
The silvery color and brownish dots come from tiny, scale-like particles. In Autumn-Olive, most of the silvery
particles are soon shed, while in Russian-Olive, the leaves long remain densely silvery on their backs. The 1"-3"
long Autumn-Olive leaves are wider than the typical narrow, willow-like leaves of Russian Olive. In early
summer, the fruits of Autumn-Olive are brown, very scaly, and not yet juicy. They become juicy and yellow, with
scattered dots, finally turning red in the Fall. Russian Olive fruits are drier, oblong in shape (resembling a small
olive), and they ripen to yellow or reddish-brown with a dense covering of silvery scales.
Because airborne nitrogen can be “fixed” in its roots, Autumn-Olive has the capability to grow in infertile habitats.
This can harm native plants normally protected from competition by the inability of most other plants to tolerate
extremely low levels of nitrogen in the soil.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Black Locust
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Alternate common names: Locust-tree; False or Bastard Acacia; White, Yellow, Green,
Red-flowering, Common, Honey-, Post-, or Peaflower Locust.
Alternate Latin names: Pseudo-Acacia odorata Moench, Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L.
- deciduous tree; 40'-100' tall; may produce thickets from root sprouts
- leaves alternate; each with 7-21 leaflets arranged in pairs along leaf mainstem
- leaflets with smooth margins; dark or bluish green on top, lighter beneath
- twigs/branches with pairs of 1/4"-1" long spines where alternate leaves are/were attached
- except for the pairs of spines, twigs are smooth (with no bristles or glands)
- flowers white, fragrant, sweetpea-shaped; in 4"-8" long drooping clusters; May-June
- fruit flat, bean-like pod; brown and split open in the fall when dry; persists in Winter
- bark deeply furrowed, rough and twisted, with horizontal checks; smooth on saplings
The paired, thorny spines distinguish Black Locust trees, even in the winter. The lack of either sticky glands or a
bristly surface differentiates young Black Locust twigs from twigs of related shrubs in the genus Robinia.
Sweetpea-type flowers (with their 5 petals arranged as 1 large petal, 2 side-wing petals, and 2 petals fused into a
boatlike keel) distinguish all species of Robinia from unrelated species that have paired thorns. Black Locust
flowers are normally white, but pink cultivars exist. In mid-summer, leaves may appear brown or lacey because of
insect attack. Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L., sometimes, confusingly, also called Black Locust) lacks
sweetpea-like flowers and has twice-compound leaves and single (sometimes branched) thorns.
Black Locust is native only from Monroe Co., PA, south to GA, and west to IA, MO, and OK. Its rootsprout
colonies choke out native vegetation in dry areas as well as along streams. In barren areas, its ability to add
nitrogen to the soil can promote the survival of non-native plants.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Common Reed
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
Alternate Common Names: Phrag; Common Reedgrass; Giant Reed
Some Alternate Latin Names: Phragmites phragmites Karst.; P. maxima (Forssk.) Chiovenda; P. communis
Trin.; P. communis Trin. var. berlandieri (Fourn.) Fern.
- very tall grass (6'-15' tall) from perennial rootstock; foliage has bluish-green color
- leaves alternate, stiff; diverging in two rows from hollow, upright culms (stems)
- leaf blades 8"-24" long, flat, up to 1 1/4" wide; edges rough with microscopic teeth
- flowers clustered in a conspicuous plume (8"-16" long) at the ends of the culms above leaves
- flower clusters dark brown with purplish highlights (late July-Oct.) fading to tan
- pale tan, upright dead stems and faded (greyish or pale tan) flower clusters remain in winter
The huge size, bluish-green foliage, thick plume of flowers (often drooping to one side), hollow, dead stalks and
plume-like remains of flower clusters that persist even after the following year’s leaf stalks have grown up make it
easy to recognize Common Reed throughout the year. Do not confuse with Cattails which have spongy, green basal
leaves and persistent dead stems on which the old flower clusters have a matted cotton appearance. At the point
where the leaf blade departs from the culm (main stem), there is a horizontal line just below a “microscopic” row
of silky hairs, each about 1/32"-1/16" long (use a good hand lens). In addition to this thick row of hairs (the
ligule), there may be a few scattered, longer, wavy hair-like growths more readily visible to the naked eye.
Common Reed stems remain green one season. Clumps may spread vegetatively 3'-30' per year. The stem beneath
the flower clusters has a readily-visible ring of whitish hair. In maturity, long silky hair growing off the stalks
within each individual 3-7 flowered spikelet may be seen. Be alert! Long-present, non-invading clumps of
Common Reed may be the rarely-seen native race.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Garlic Mustard
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Alternate Latin names: Erysimum alliaria L.; Sisymbrium alliaria Scop.; Alliaria officinalis Andrz.; Alliaria
alliaria of various authors; Alternate common names include Hedge-mustard
- biennial, herbaceous plant; grows 1'-3 1/2' tall
- flowers white; mustard-like with four 1/4" long evenly-spaced petals; blooms Spring/Summer
- leaves wide with heart-shaped leaf bases that never clasp around the flower stalk
- long-stemmed basal leaves are rounded or kidney-shaped with scalloped margins
- flowering stalk has alternate, increasingly triangular, leaves with large, pointed teeth
- young, crushed leaves and the slender, white taproot have unusual, rank, garlic odor
- seed pods 1"-2 1/2" long; slender relative to length; 4 angled,
Even without its white, mustard-type flowers and long, slender seed pods, Garlic Mustard is readily
distinguished by its leaves that are wide, strongly-veined and (when young) garlic scented. There are typically 3
or 4 basal leaves each 2" (up to 7") wide that grow on long stems out of the top of the root. Leaves on the tall
flowering stalk are short-stemmed and smaller than the basal leaves (but may be up to 2 1/2" wide). First-year
plants have only a few long-stemmed, scallop-margined basal leaves (they do not send up a flowering stalk). After
setting seed the second year, the plant dies, but the flower stalks and seed pods may dry and remain standing.
Garlic Mustard fruits grow upward and outward on short, thickened stalks. Early fruits attached lower on the
main stalk extend higher than the small flowers still blooming at the top of the stalk.
Garlic Mustard grows tall before other plants in early Spring. Once a few plants get established, Garlic Mustard
multiplies into a dense stand that may easily shade out native wildflowers on trailsides, wetland borders,
floodplains, and in open woods. Seeds remain viable 2-5 years.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Japanese Barberry
Berberis thunbergii DC.
-dense shrub with dry, bright red berries remaining after leaves fall
-ridged twigs have slender spines below bundles of leaves
-yellow-colored inner bark on branches and roots.
-flowers yellow, less than 1/2" wide; found along branches; early Spring
-leaves in alternate clusters; entire (have smooth margins); 1/2" to 1 1/2" long
-fall color is varying shades of yellow, orange, red, purplish
All Barberries in New England are non-native. Japanese Barberry is the frequently-seen species. It includes
many horticultural varieties. The less-frequent Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) is common in Europe. A
hybrid between the two has been reported (Berberis X ottawensis). In the Southeast USA, there is also a native
Barberry (Berberis canadensis [not found in Canada, nor in New England]) with notched petals and toothed leaves.
All these Berberis species have spiny stems, bright red berries, and yellow inner bark.
Leaf margins and flower grouping help distinguish among the New England species. (Unforked spines are typical,
but not reliable for distinguishing Japanese Barberry.) Japanese Barberry has (usually) smooth leaf margins and
flowers growing alone or in umbels (with stems growing from a single point). Common Barberry flowers are in
racemes (branching off a stalk) and the leaf edges may be bristle-toothed. The hybrid’s flowers resemble an umbel
on a stalk. Leaves may be toothed.
Japanese Barberry typically invades pastures and other open or partly open areas including open forests, floodplains
or wetland edges. It puts on leaves in the very early Spring and often shades out other plants. After forest logging,
already-present Japanese Barberry bushes may expand into thickets that retard forest re-growth. Common Barberry
also exhibits invasiveness in disturbed habitats.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Japanese Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
- woody vine; stems twine over the ground and other plants; mature stems hollow
- leaves opposite, thickish, 1"-3" long with untoothed margins; slightly glossy on upper sides
- pairs of leaves never joined at their bases
- flowers grow on young branches in pairs in the leaf axils (where leaf stem attaches to vine)
- flowers fragrant; usually white; fade to yellow; flower tube almost 1" long
- 4 of the 5 petals continue to be joined together most of their length above the flower tube
- berries black to dark purple-black; with more than 1 seed; can persist in fall and winter
In northeastern USA, the black to purple-black berries and the absence of any pairs of joined leaves distinguish
Japanese Honeysuckle from native, viney Honeysuckles. Japanese Honeysuckle vines leaf out early and
continue to grow later in the fall than most native plants. The vigorous runners can grow 10' or more per year and
root at the nodes in moist soil. The vines are deciduous, semi-evergreen, or evergreen depending on winter
conditions (not evergreen beyond USDA Zone 7). Vines may be red-brown in color. They have tiny, persistent
scales at the end of the previous year’s growth. The current year’s vine growth is hairy. Leaves are hairy on the
back (use hand lens) except for the variety chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker, called “Chinese Honeysuckle,” which has
reddish flowers, purple branchlets, and hairless, or nearly hairless, leaves that are purplish when young. Although
Japanese Honeysuckle leaf margins are never toothed, early spring leaves may be lobed. Each pair of flowers grows
off one stem (making 4 flowers and 2 flower stems for each pair of leaves).
Japanese Honeysuckle is spread by birds and small mammals. It grows best in open fields, forest openings, and
other sunny, disturbed places. The dense tangling growth that can strangle small trees and shrubs is a significant
problem in New Jersey and southward. In New England, it should be watched carefully where disturbances (e.g.,
logging) open the forest to sunlight.
photo by Glenn Dreyer
photo by
Glenn Dreyer
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Multiflora Rose
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr.
-deciduous shrub, with vigorous climbing/scrambling stems; up to 10' tall
-backward-bending prickles on stems
-clusters of white flowers have a spicy, rose fragrance
-leaves alternate and compound with 5-11 sharply-toothed leaflets
-the fringed stipules (described below) are a key characteristic
Roses typically have a pair of highly modified leaves (stipules) that are attached for most of their length at the
base of each leaf stalk making the stalk look wide where the compound leaf joins the stem. In Multiflora Rose, the
stipules have tiny glands and a conspicuous fringe of hairs on the edges (hairs easily seen without a hand lens).
The tiny glands are on the backs and edges of the stipules and on the sides of the hairs. The glands (some of which
are on the ends of very tiny stalks) look like little red, brown, or black dots (use hand lens).
The name “Multiflora” means many flowers. The pyramid-shaped flower clusters are located at the end of stems
and bloom in early summer. Each flower is 3/4" – 1 1/2" across with 5 white (sometimes pale, pinkish-white)
petals. Fruits are bright red, 1/4" wide, and soft when first produced in late summer. They become leathery, and
persist after the leaves are shed.
Multiflora Rose was widely planted as a “living fence” and wildlife food plant. Its ability to spread by arching
stems that root at their tips allows it to replace native vegetation with dense, bushy thickets. It is found in pastures,
roadsides, stream banks (but not in standing water), forest edges, and may become established in open woods.
Birds and mammals disperse the seeds.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Non-Native, Invasive Shrub Honeysuckles of NE USA
- mature twigs have a hollow core (L. maackii is hollow except at the leaf nodes)
Amur Honeysuckle .....................................
Belle Honeysuckle .......................................
European Fly-honeysuckle ........................
Morrow’s Honeysuckle ..............................
Tatarian Honeysuckle ................................
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.
Lonicera X bella Zabel
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Lonicera morrowii Gray
Lonicera tatarica L.
- shrub (L. maackii also can be a shrubby tree); with twigs/branches with hollow centers
- leaves opposite, with untoothed margins; upper pair of leaves never joined to each other
- papery scales surround twig where current year’s growth begins (use hand lens to see detail)
- when a leaf is removed, there are 3 dots on the twig inside the leaf scar (use good hand lens)
- there are lines across the twig where the pairs of leaves are (or were) attached
- species flower color varies; includes white, pink, (red, purplish) with some aging to yellow
- flowers 3/8"– 1" long; 5 flower petals are joined at their bases into a nectar-containing tube
- species vary in the pattern and the length that individual petal lobes are fused
- flower stems come out of the leaf axils (come from the same points on the stem as the leaves)
- each leaf axil with flowers has a pair of flowers at the tip of a single flower stalk
- berries usually red; can be yellow or orange or clear, but never blue, black, or white
- if all flowers produce fruit, the branchlet can appear to have berries in groups of 4 (2 groups of 2 flowers each
for every pair of leaves)
- non-native honeysuckles tend to leaf out earlier than most native shrubs
Amur Honeysuckle
Lonicera maackii
Morrow’s Honeysuckle
Lonicera morrowii
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Tree-of-Heaven
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Alternate Latin names: Toxicodendron altissima Mill., Albonia peregrina Buchoz, Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.,
Ailanthus altissima Swingle, Ailanthus peregrina Barkley
Alternate Common Names: Ailanthus, Chinese Sumac, Copal-tree, Stinking Shumac
- tree, deciduous, 40'-100' tall; rapidly growing, with few branches; spreading lacy crown
- tree has foul odor of rancid nut butter, particularly in leaves and male flowers
- twigs very stout with large horseshoe-, heart- or shield-shaped leaf scars; old twigs hairless
- leaves alternate, compound; 1'-4' long with 11-41 leaflets each 2"-6" long
- leaflets have 1-5 coarse teeth on each leaf margin at the base; otherwise not toothed
- each leaflet tooth has a green, circular gland at the end of a vein or veinlet
- fruits have 1 seed centered in an oblong 1 1/2" papery wing; flat or spirally twisted
Tree-of-Heaven is distinguished by its unpleasant smell and the huge, alternate leaves each composed of a large
number of pairs of gland-toothed leaflets. The winged fruits of Tree-of-Heaven, green at first, go through a
progression of colors (yellow, pinkish or orange, red) until ripening red-brown. The fruit masses hang down in the
fall unlike the upright, red “cones” of Sumacs. Some trees lack the showy, winged fruits because they produce only
male flowers.
Tree-of-heaven may resemble native trees and shrubs with alternate, compound leaves. Unlike Walnuts, Staghorn
Sumac, or Smooth Sumac, Tree-of-Heaven lacks serrate leaf margins. Tree-of-Heaven has a main trunk rather than
a straggly, shrubby branch pattern. The bark is smooth. In autumn, the leaves all drop at first frost. A large
amount of fruit may remain in the winter. Tree-of-Heaven is common in urban settings. Its roots sprout vigorously
(even through cracks in sidewalks) up to 50' from the mother tree. Though intolerant of shade, it may seed into
mature forests and fill openings where native trees have died. Sprout clumps may exclude native vegetation from
forest edges or meadows through shading and toxins from the leaf litter.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
NRCS
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
344 Merrow Road, Suite A * Tolland, Connecticut 06084-3917 * (860) 871-4011 * www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov
I N V A S I V E
S P E C I E S
Winged Euonymus
I D E N T I F I C A T I O N
S H E E T
Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb.
- shrub; can grow up to 20 feet tall and 20 feet wide
- opposite leaves with sharply-toothed edges and very short stems
- twigs with 2-4 prominent, corky wings
- some cultivated varieties have less obvious winging on twigs and a more compact form
Winged Euonymus is also referred to as Winged Spindletree, Japanese Spindle-tree, Winged Wahoo, Winged
Burning Bush, or Burning Bush (not to be confused with the native species of Burning Bush). Winged Euonymus
is distinguished by its winged twigs and its showy, lingering fall color. When planted in the open (highway
medians, etc.) its fall color is bright red. Where growing in shaded areas, the color is muted to a purplish red. The
flowers are inconspicuous (greenish and less than _” across). The fruits, green at first, ripen with a smooth,
purplish outer side that splits to reveal seeds with bright, red-orange coatings. Young, fruit-bearing twigs are green
and frequently not as heavily winged as older twigs. The first two leaves of seedlings have entire margins, but
subsequent leaves are toothed and the pairs may grow so close together on the stem that they appear to grow in 4’s
(or 3’s as leaves drop in the autumn).
The spread of Winged Euonymus is hard to control because the plants produce many seeds that can fall near the
plant or be dispersed into new areas by birds. Winged Euonymus is hardy to USDA Zone 4 and grows vigorously
under a wide variety of light conditions and soil types. Its ability to thrive in shady conditions threatens native
forest understory shrubs and wildflowers, particularly when the Winged Euonymus forms dense thickets.
Text and photos by: Charlotte Pyle, October 2002
Helpful review provided by: Lillian Willis
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
11/2002
APPENDIX 19 –
Contact List for Incarnation Center Stakeholders
Appendix 19 - Contact List for Incarnation Center Stakeholders
Bushy Hill Nature Center
Erik Becker, Director and Kelly Way, Assistant Director
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
Email: [email protected] or 860-767-2148
Cockaponset State Forest
Emery Gluck, Connecticut State Forester
860-295-9523
Connecticut State Archaeologist
Nicholas F. Bellantoni, PhD
Connecticut Archaeology Center
2019 Hillside Road, U-1023
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT 06269-1023
Phone: 860-486-5248
Fax: 860-486-0827
www.cac.uconn.edu
CRERPA (Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency)
Judy Preston, Tidewater Institute
PO Box 1005
Old Saybrook, CT 06475
860-395-0465
Deep River Land Trust
John Kennedy, President
PO Box 101
Deep River, CT 06417
860-526-2232
www.deepriverlandtrust.org
Essex Land Trust:
Chester L. Arnold, Jr.
Center for Land Use Education and Research
Department of Extension
University of Connecticut
(860) 345-5230
Haynes Quarry and Associates
Pat Haynes
[email protected]
203-888-8132
Incarnation Camp
Nancy Nygard Pilon, Camp Director
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
Incarnation Center
Reverend Canon Peter Larom, Executive Director
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
Email: [email protected]
Incarnation Center Office of Development
Michelle Doheny, Director of Development
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
Email: [email protected]
Incarnation Conference Center
Rich Murray, Conference Center Director
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
Nature’s Playground
Betty Johnson, Director
PO Box 577, Ivoryton, CT 06442
Tel 860-767-0848
Fax 860-767-8432
SX Sportsman
Daniel Korksack
Town of Deep River
Jonathan Kastner, First Selectman’s Office
[email protected]
860-526-6020
Town of Essex
Phil Miller, First Selectman
Town Hall
29 West Avenue
Essex, CT 06426
860.767.4340 Ext. 114
[email protected]