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APES Midterm Exam 2016
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1. Define: ecosystem
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2. What is the difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist?
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3. What does living in a sustainable way refers to?
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4. The number of species on Earth that have been identified is approximately _____ million.
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5. The number of species on Earth that have not yet been identified is estimated at __ to _____ million
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6. Two square km is equal to ____ square meters.
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7. Five square miles is equal to ____ acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres)
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8. Twenty square kilometers is equal to ____ hectares. (1 hectare = 10,000 square meters)
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9. People living in developed nations tend to ______ ____ R________.
____ 10. ____ percent of the world’s population, which lives in the most developed nations, consumes ____ percent of
the world’s energy.
____ 11. If land is cleared at a rate of 456 hectares per week, approximately how many acres per year are being
cleared? (2.47 acres = 1 ha)
____ 12. What does an ecological footprint consider ?
____ 13. A natural experiment occurs when what takes place?
____ 14. The salinity problem at Mono Lake was corrected after what took place?
____ 15. In the example of Mono Lake, the decrease of what input jeopardized the ecological health of the lake?
____ 16. A systems approach to environmental science looks at the relationship between what?
____ 17. Matter is defined as what?
____ 18. Electrons have a ________ charge.
____ 19. What is the value for x in the following chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + xO2
____ 20. Water reaches its highest density at ____ C
____ 21. As a solid or a liquid, water reaches its lowest density at ____C
____ 22. Explain the law of conservation of matter.
____ 23. Define carbohydrate
____ 24.
Define Chemical energy
____ 25. Twenty-five Btu = ___________ Megajoules (MJ ). (1 Btu = 1,055 J)
____ 26. Explain the first law of thermodynamics
I. energy can never leave or enter the system.
II. energy can never change form.
III. energy is not created or destroyed.
____ 27. Explain the second law of thermodynamics states that
____ 28. Give an example of an open system?
____ 29.
Are Greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere increasing or in a steady state?
____ 30.
Name some of the Steps taken to restore the Everglades.
____ 31. Define abiotic factors, and list some examples.
____ 32. What are the physical products of cellular respiration?
____ 33. How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost?
____ 34. What law best relates to energy loss within an ecosystem?
____ 35. Describes the concept of net primary production?
Figure 3-3
____ 36. Use Figure 3-3. What type of organism would you expect to find on the lowest level of the pyramid?
____ 37. What is considered the most important element in living organisms?
____ 38. What activity is currently changing the carbon cycle?
____ 39. What are some possible results of an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?
____ 40. In a particular freshwater ecosystem, phosphorous is required to sustain plant growth. Regardless of the
amounts of nitrogen or other mineral nutrients in the lake, aquatic plants in this system have been unable to
mature without an increase in phosphorous. In this example, phosphorous can be described as a __________
nutrient.
____ 41. In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds?
____ 42. How does an algal bloom affect the oxygen content of the water?
____ 43. What human activities have affected the phosphorus cycle?
____ 44. What effect would clear-cutting an area within a watershed have on the water quality of a river running
through the watershed?
____ 45. What is restoration ecology?
____ 46. Define Population ecology
____ 47. Define Clumped distribution and explain its function in the ecosystem.
____ 48. During a single Oregon winter, minimum temperatures did not get much below freezing. The following
summer large mosquito populations were observed in ponds. Cold weather came early the next winter and
most ponds froze for 3 months. The following summer, very low mosquito populations were observed. Is this
density –independent or density –dependent factor?
____ 49. A laboratory experiment followed the growth of a flour beetle population over time. At first the population
increased dramatically but later growth slowed and the population size leveled off. While food (the wheat
flour in which they live) was abundant, the flour beetles began to eat their own eggs when densities got high.
What might we hypothesize about this behavior in the flour beetles?
____ 50. Would introduction of a new parasite cause rapid growth in a population?
____ 51. What would cause populations of predators increase when populations of prey are high?
Figure 6-1
____ 52. Use Figure 6-1 to select the option that correctly labels point A and point B.
____ 53. In his 1961 paper, “The Paradox of the Plankton,” ecologist G.E. Hutchinson noted that several species of
algae coexist, sharing the same few mineral nutrient resources in homogeneous open water systems. As there
is little chance of resource partitioning and niche differentiation in such a situation, the paradox of their
coexistence is an apparent violation of what?
____ 54. Would a predator use camouflage to catch its prey?
____ 55. Would a motionless behavioral response to the threat of predation most likely to be selected for in a species
that uses camouflage for protection?
____ 56. Give some examples of a mutualistic relationship
____ 57. The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes which organisms? such as
____ 58. Madagascar and the Seychelles are both islands in the western Indian Ocean. Madagascar is over 1,000 times
larger than the Seychelles. Using the theory of island biogeography an ecologist would predict that their
would be more or less species richness on Madagascar?
____ 59. Within the United States, which subgroup has the lowest infant mortality?
____ 60. Why is immigration not considered when estimating world population?
____ 61. If women in a country delay childbearing, what is the result?
Figure 7-1
____ 62. Use Figure 7-1. Approximately how many females in population B are between the ages of 50 and 59?
____ 63. According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs which phase
____ 64. Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to what?
____ 65. Describe a hybrid vehicle. is accurate?
____ 66. Earth's core is approximately ____ below the surface.
____ 67. A rare rock formation on Continent A is found 300 km from a matching formation on Continent B. Continent
A is part of a plate that is moving at a rate of 36 mm/year. How many years ago were the matching formations
separated?
____ 68. An earthquake that measures 8.0 on the Richter Scale is ____ times stronger than an earthquake that measures
5.0.
____ 69. Could an earthquake that has a magnitude 5.9 on the Richter scale cause more damage than one that measures
7.5?
____ 70. Name and explain rock types and connect them with their mode of origin.
____ 71. explaint the correct combination of igneous rock types and conditions under which they form
____ 72. Rocks comprise primary minerals that erode to secondary minerals and then to ionic forms of these minerals.
Which is an example of this :
basalt granite  feldspar  magnesium.
basalt  feldspar  clay  nitrogen.
feldspar  clay  marble  calcium carbonate.
granite  feldspar  clay  potassium ions.
granite  clay  calcium carbonate  sodium.
____ 73.
Define chemical weathering:
____ 74. Explain some of the functions of soil.
____ 75.
Explain the E horizon
____ 76. Mineral nutrients are present primarily in which horizon?
____ 77. What is the porosity of soil is a measure of?
____ 78.
Explain The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
____ 79. Freshwater accounts for what percent of total water in the world?
____ 80. Where is Earth’s freshwater found?
____ 81. Name some a characteristics of a confined aquifers.
____ 82. The water table is defined as_____________________________________________________
____ 83.
Why is the use of water from the Ogallala aquifer in the Great Plains region of the United States is not
sustainable?
____ 84. What can increase the impermeability of land surfaces?
____ 85. The amount of water required to raise one metric ton of beef is ______ liters
____ 86. You are selecting a new dishwasher. You do about 150 loads per year. The less efficient model uses 9 gallons
per load. The more efficient model uses 6 gallons per load. How many gallons of water will be saved over the
course of one year?
____ 87. In the United States, toilets manufactured before 1994 typically required ____ L per flush. Federal standards
altered this to ____ L per flush in January 1994.
____ 88. What is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence?
____ 89. According to the World Health Organization, a person is obese if that person is___ percent above ideal
weight.
Figure 11-1
____ 90. Use Figure 11-1. If you input a total of 3,000,000 calories of energy into far-offshore fishing, approximately
how many calories of food will you produce?
____ 91. Marine biologists calculate the caloric value of a particular haul to be 2.23  109 kilocalories. Assuming an
energy subsidy of 15, how many calories were put into harvesting the fish?
____ 92. Explain monocropping? Explain pros and cons.
Figure 11-2
____ 93. Use Figure 11-2. In the figure, the global fish production line includes both wild-caught fish and
aquaculture-raised fish. About how many metric tons of fish were wild-caught in 1990?
____ 94. What is the best sustainable agriculture technique for soil types with low productivity?
____ 95. Under what conditions do nomadic grazing and shifting agriculture work?
____ 96. Define sustainable agriculture.
____ 97. Define (IPM), what are the advantages?
____ 98. Why is integrated pest management (IPM) especially successful in developing countries?
____ 99. Explain intercropping, give an example.
____ 100. What are the advantages of aquaculture?
Free response topics:
1: Agriculture and GM crops, advantages and disadvantages.
2 Population