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Underlying causes of the war • Sectionalism –Economic concerns • States’ Rights –Slavery The North and South developed along different lines NORTH SOUTH Diverse economy based on industry and agriculture Economy based on agriculture Large cities undergoing rapid urbanization Mainly rural with a few cities Massive immigration strengthened the economy Few immigrants Favored federal spending on internal improvements and wanted high tariffs Opposed federal spending on internal improvements and wanted no tariffs The Northeast was economically linked with the Midwest Sought to expand by creating more slave states Economy based on free labor Economy based on slave labor oElection of 1860 oSecession oBorder states oFort Sumter oMartial law oNorthern & Southern strategy Four parties ran candidates in the 1860 election Northern Democrats Republicans Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln Southern Democrats John Breckinridge Constitutional Union John Bell Campaign a four-way split Republicans defeat the splintered Democrat party, and the “Do Nothing” party who wanted to compromise South Carolina seceded, December 1860 South Carolina was the first state to leave the Union. Immediately following Lincoln's election, the fireeaters called a convention, and six weeks later the convention unanimously passed an ordinance of secession. An ordinance to dissolve the union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the United States of America." We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved. Done at Charleston the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty. Secession After the election of 1860, South Carolina’s State legislature called for a special convention At that convention, delegates voted unanimously to secede 10 more states follow their lead to form the Confederate States of America: TX, LA, AR, MS, AL, TN, GA, FL, NC, VA Crittenden Amendments: • Proposed to avoid bloodshed • Lincoln rejected them Lincoln’s inauguration “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.” Confederate States of America (CSA) Union states The shaded states were the loyal border slave states Significance of the Border States Border states allowed slavery but were kept in the Union. Missouri Kentucky Delaware Maryland They were necessary for Union to hold at all costs because the North needed: – To keep their economic resources – To keep their manpower for the Union war effort – To command strategic geographic points A crisis developed as the new Southern/Confederate government seized federal forts and installations located in seceding states. Fort Sumter, located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, was the major focus as Lincoln refused to surrender it. Fort Sumter before the crisis. Major Anderson and officers in command of the federal garrison at Fort Sumter. Lincoln’s Wartime Powers Lincoln was faced with proSouthern feelings in Maryland and other Loyal states Sometimes his actions ran contrary to the Constitution: •Increased the size of the Federal Army •Suspended the privilege of Writ of Habeas Corpus •Blockaded the South •Instituted the Draft (1863) Lincoln’s Wartime Powers Lincoln was faced with proSouthern feelings in Maryland and other Loyal states Sometimes his actions ran contrary to the Constitution: •Increased the size of the Federal Army •Suspended the privilege of Writ of Habeas Corpus •Blockaded the South •Instituted the Draft (1863) “It was decided that we have a case of rebellion, and that the public safety does require the qualified suspension of the privilege of the writ which was authorized to be made” -Lincoln 1861 Northern strategy to win the war: “Boa Constrictor” or “Anaconda” Named for the snake that squeezes its prey to death, the strategy was designed to strangle the South. Devised by General Winfield Scott here are the major elements: Capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond and the rest of Virginia Invade Tennessee to move into the south Strike along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy Blockade all southern ports to prevent imports/exports Foreign “Entanglements” Trent Affair The Alabama Laird Rams