Download Digestive system

Certificate III / IV in Fitness
Topic 3, Session 5 & 6
Exercise Science
Understanding the principals of
exercise science and applying
exercise science principals to training
Session 6 & 7
The next 2 sessions will cover
the following topics
• Understanding the principals of
exercise science
• Applying exercise science
principals to training
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Cardiovascular system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
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Excretory system
Endocrine system
Immune system
Integumentary system
– Applying Energy systems
Blood pressure
• Systolic blood pressure (SBP): measures
the contraction of the left ventricle.
• Diastolic blood pressure (DBP): measures
the relaxation of the heart.
• SBP/DBP is approximately 120/80 mmHg
at rest.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
• Cardiovascular system
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The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ
system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino
acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and
from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body
temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.
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The circulatory system is often seen to be composed of both the cardiovascular
system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates
lymph.These are two separate systems.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
The heart
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
•Nervous system
•The nervous system is the part of a human’s body that
coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and
transmits signals between different parts of its body.
•Nervous tissue consists of two main parts, the central
nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS).
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
•The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly
of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons,
that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.
•The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement;
the autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate
involuntary functions, and the enteric nervous system, which
functions to control the gastrointestinal system.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Digestive system
• In the human digestive system, the process of digestion has many stages.
• The first of which starts in the mouth (oral cavity).
– Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller
components which can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
– The secretion of saliva helps to produce a bolus which can be
swallowed in the oesophagus to pass down into the stomach.
– Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to
act on food in the mouth.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Digestive system
– Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by
the muscular contractions of peristalsis.
– Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of
digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach.
– Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the
oesophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach. This initially
results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in
the small intestine is absorbed into the blood.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Digestive system
– Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine
– Then on to the large intestine,
– Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood, in the colon of
the large intestine.
– The waste products of digestion are defecated from the anus via the rectum.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Digestive system
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Respiratory system
• The respiratory system (or ventilator system) is a biological
system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process
of respiration in an organism.
• The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
• In air-breathing or respiration takes place in the respiratory organs
called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with
oxygen is known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of the lungs to
expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is collectively
called breathing or ventilation.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
• In humans the anatomical features of the respiratory system
include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm.
• Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged,
by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood.
This exchange process occurs in the alveoli air sacs in the lungs.
• The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that
serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the
breathing process
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Excretory system
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The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess,
unnecessary materials from our body, which helps to maintain homeostasis within
the organism and prevent damage to the body.
It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as
other liquid and gaseous wastes, as urine and as a component of sweat and
exhalation.
As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the
entire organism depends on the function of the system; however, only the organs
specifically for the excretion process are considered a part of the excretory system.
As it involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually
used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Excretory system
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Endocrine system
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Endocrine system
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Immune system
The immune system is a system of biological
structures and processes within an organism that
protects against disease.
To function properly, an immune system must detect
a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from
viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them
from the organism's own healthy tissue.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
– In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive
immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated
immunity.
– Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid
detection and neutralization by the immune system
– However, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to
recognize and neutralize pathogens
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Integumentary system
The Integumentary system is the organ system that
protects the body from various kinds of damage,
such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.
The system comprises the skin and its appendages
including :
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
– Skin
– Hair
– Nails
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
– Epidermis
This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells.
It does not contain blood vessels. Its main function is
protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis
– Dermis
The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of
dense irregular connective tissue and are olar
connective tissue such as collagen with elastin
arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern.
– Hypodermis
The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the
dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin
fibres.
Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer
Understanding and applying the Energy systems
Energy systems
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The level of intensity of the exercise program will influence the
type of fuel used to complete the program:
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Low intensity longer duration activities will result in a greater utilisation of fat
as an energy source
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High intensity short duration activities will be fuelled mainly by carbohydrate
Energy systems
Aerobic metabolism
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Aerobic metabolism provides nearly all the energy when exercise
continues for longer than several minutes
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During the first 3 to 4 minutes of exercise, oxygen consumption
rises exponentially to achieve a plateau between the third and
fourth minute. It then remains relatively stable throughout the
duration of effort. This is known as steady state.
Acute responses to activity
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A response is a temporary change in the body’s
physiological status that occurs during the training session.
For example, some of the responses are a change in blood
pressure, heart rate increases and improved blood flow.
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The methods of measurement of responses include heart
rate, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, skin colour,
perceived exertion, exercise form and work output.
Adaptations to activity
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Physiological adaptations are the changes that occur after
frequent training, which allow the body to cope with the
training load and respond more efficiently
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Central adaptations occur in the physiological system that is
being trained, while peripheral adaptations occur as a byproduct of the training
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One important adaptation is that the heart mass and size
increases as the cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy
leading to resting heart rate decrease
Adaptations to activity
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Blood pressure can decrease at rest and during submaximal
exercise
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The respiratory system becomes more efficient with training
because of an increase in maximum oxygen ventilation
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The fitter the client is and the healthier their nutrition, the
stronger their immunity. However, exercise can not only
enhance the immune system, it can also suppress it
Environmental concerns
•Heat
The hypothalamus regulates the temperature of the body by
neural feedback mechanisms.
Normal body temperature is approximately 37 °C. If the core
body temperature increases above this level, a number of heatrelated illnesses occur:
• Dehydration - a decrease of only 2% body fluid will result in a
decrease in performance.
• Heat exhaustion - when the core body temperature is between 37
and 40 °C.
• Heat stroke – body temperature above 40.5 °C
Environmental concerns
•Cold
Normal body temperature is approximately 37 °C. If the core
body temperature drops below this level, Hypothermia may set
in:
• Mild hypothermia is a body temperature from 35 °C to 34 °C
• Moderate hypothermia is a body temperature from 33 °C to 30 °C
• Severe is a body temperature less than 30 °C.
Functional appraisal
 Normal order for fitness testing:
• Step 1: Pre-screening questionnaire
• Step 2: Informed consent
• Step 3: Height and weight
• Step 4: Blood pressure
• Step 5: Resting heart rate
• Step 6: Body fat
• Step 7: Body girth measurements
• Step 8: Waist-to-hip ratio
• Step 9: Postural assessment
• Step 10: Submaximal cardiovascular testing
• Step 11: Flexibility testing
• Step 12: Muscular strength testing