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World History Final
Review
Creamer
Nomads
Highly mobile people
who move from place to
place searching for food.
Prehistory
Time period before
written records
Rivers
The early civilizations such as
Egypt, Mesopotamia, China,
India, and Phoenicia settled on
river valleys because they needed
water for agriculture,
transportation, and hygiene.
Hammurabi’s Code
One of the oldest codes
of law
Came out of
Mesopotamia
Pharaoh
Ruler in ancient Egypt
considered both king and
god
Ancient Israelites
(Hebrews)
Believed in one true
God, and that each event
in their life reflects God’s
plan.
Monotheism
Worship of one god
Cuneiform
Ancient writing system
of the Mesopotamians
(Sumerians)
Asoka
Emperor and ruler of
ancient Indian Mauryan
empire. Brought peace and
prosperity and helped unite
the diverse people in India.
Gupta Dynasty
This Indian dynasty
enjoyed a long golden
age or period of great
cultural achievement
from 320 CE to 550 CE.
Caste System
In traditional Indian
society, this is an
unchangeable social
group into which a
person is born.
Hinduism
Has no single founder
and no single sacred text.
Buddhism and Hinduism
Both believe in
nonviolence, karma,
dharma, moksha, and
reincarnation.
Mandate of Heaven
Zhou rulers used the
Mandate of Heaven to
justify the overthrow of the
Shang dynasty in 1027
BCE. It is a divine right to
rule China
Confucianism
Chinese religion that teaches that
harmony results when people accepts
their place in society. It stresses 5 key
relationships among family and
friends. It taught how to ensure social
order and good government, and also
that everyone had duties and
responsibilities.
Polis
City-state in ancient
Greece
Socrates
Greek philosopher who wrote
no books, but lounged around
the marketplace, asking his
fellow citizens about their
beliefs. He posed a series of
questions to people and
challenged them to examine
their answers.
Plato
Socrate’s student
Set up the academy
Argued importance of
reason
Aristotle
Plato’s most famous student
Believed in good conduct
Set up a school called
Lyceum
Alexander the Great
Macedonian King
Aristotle’s student
Greatly expands empire
and creates Hellenistic
cultlure
Cultural Diffusion
 the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a
cultural pattern from a central point
 Example: Alexander the Great spread Greek
culture and other cultures he came into contact
with through conquering other countries,
nations, and cities. He is credited with Hellenistic
Culture which is a mixture of: Egyptian, Persian,
Greek, and Indian cultures
Christianity
Began in ancient Rome
Apostles of Jesus Christ
spread his message after
his death.
Justinian’s Code
 Not content with merely reclaiming lands, Justinian also respected the
laws of ancient Rome. In order to cement them into his time and his
Empire, he called for all of Rome's ancient laws to be recorded. In
doing this, Rome's ancient laws, also known as the Twelve Tables, were
broken down into categories. Outdated laws were done away with, and
complex laws were simplified. Desiring the Empire to thrive, Justinian
also added new laws dealing with the fair treatment of those within the
Empire. For instance, one of his laws held that a person is innocent
until proven guilty. This one should be very familiar to anyone who has
sat in a history class or watched a TV cop show. Justinian's new laws,
together with the laws of ancient Rome, are known today as the Corpus
of Civil Law or Justinian's Code of Laws. Completed around the year
529, these laws have formed the basis for the judicial systems of the
Western world.
Polytheism
Worship of many gods
Mongols
Genghis Khan united
the Mongols.
Muhammad
Islam is based on the
teachings of the
prophet…
Quran
Holy book of Islam
Islam
Which religion contains
elements of prayer,
meditation, “submission to
the will of Allah,” and the
teachings of Muhammad?
Choice of a Leader
Split between Sunni and
Shiite Muslims began
with a disagreement
over…
GOLD
By the 1500’s the most
important elements of
African Trade with
Europeans was…
Chief goal of the
Crusades
Conquer the Holy Land
Belief in one God
What is a belief shared
by all three Islam,
Judaism, and
Christianity.
Military Service
Under feudalism, lords
grant land to knights in
exchange for what?
What is this a picture of ?
What is this a picture of ?
Incas
Which of the following
peoples united their
empire with a road
system that extended
more than 12,000 miles?

The fall of the Aztec
Empire
In November 1519, Cortes and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan, where
Montezuma and his people greeted them as honored guests according to
Aztec custom (partially due to Cortes’ physical resemblance to the lightskinned Quetzalcoatl, whose return was prophesied in Aztec legend).
Though the Aztecs had superior numbers, their weapons were inferior, and
Cortes was able to immediately take Montezuma and his entourage of
lords hostage, gaining control of Tenochtitla. The Spaniards then
murdered thousands of Aztec nobles during a ritual dance ceremony, and
Montezuma died under uncertain circumstances while in custody.
Cuauhtemoc, his young nephew, took over as emperor, and the Aztecs
drove the Spaniards from the city. With the help of the Aztecs’ native
rivals, Cortes mounted an offensive against Tenochtitlan, finally defeating
Cuauhtemoc’s resistance on August 13, 1521. In all, some 240,000 people
were believed to have died in the city’s conquest, which effectively ended
the Aztec civilization. After his victory, Cortes razed Tenochtitla and built
Mexico City on its ruins; it quickly became the premier European center in
the New World.
Renaissance
The term means “rebirth” and
was an era in which Europeans
experienced revival in the classical
ideas of ancient Greece and
Rome among artists, architects,
philosophers, political thinkers,
and scientists.
Machiavelli
This Renaissance
political thinker wrote
“The Prince” and wrote
about use of political
power amongst rulers.
Renaissance
The city of Florence was
most influential during
the…
Leonardo da Vinci
This man was a
Renaissance artist and
his most famous work is
Mona Lisa and The Last
Supper
Michelangelo
Renaissance painter,
sculptor, and builder. Most
famous works are the
statue “David” and
painting the Sistine
Chapel.
Father of Humanism
Petrarch
Renaissance Humanism
This focused on secular
achievements.
Printing Press
 Invented by Johan Gutenberg
 Makes printing material faster
 Spreads Renaissance throughout Europe
 Spreads Protestant Reformation throughout
Europe.
 Spreads Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
 Spreads Henry VIII’s English Reformation
Martin Luther
10/31/1517, this man nailed his
95 theses to a church door and
criticized the corrupt church
officials for the sale of
indulgences.
He started the Protestant
Reformation
The Catholic/Counter
Reformation
The Protestant
Reformation prompted a
response from the
Catholic Church known
as…
Henry VIII
Responsible for the English Reformation
which is a part of the Protestant
Reformation, which challenges teachings
of the Catholic Church
Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his
wife because she could not give him a son
(male Heir) .The pope refused the divorce
so Henry broke with the church and
created the Church of England.
Christopher Columbus
He believed he could
reach India from Europe
if he sailed west. He
discovered the Americas
instead.
Age of Exploration
 Explorers
 Ferdinand Magellan
 Vasco da Gama
 Christopher Columbus
 Zheng He
 James Cook
 Samuel de Champlian
Scientific Revolution
Issac Newton
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
The Columbian Exchange
Contributed to…
The spread of
Christianity to the
Americas
Astrolabe
A device that was used to
measure latitude and was
invented during the Age of
Exploration. It helped fuel
discovery of new lands.
The Age of Exploration
Changes how Europeans
view the world.
Example: They no
longer think the world is
flat.
Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social Contract Theory
John Locke believed that
a government’s power
comes from the consent
of the governed.
Adam Smith & LaissezFaire Capitalism
 Adam Smith, a Scottish political economist and philosopher,
wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776. This landmark book,
fully titled An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations, was written during the years of strife
between Britain and its colonies and published the same year as
the American "Declaration of Independence." The Wealth of
Nations became the foremost manifesto
a revolution led by the
proletariat
Karl Marx predicted that laissezfaire capitalism would result

Ny Regents Test
government ownership of
property
A key principle of the
economic theory of
communism is
Karl Marx
 Wrote the Communist Manifesto
 Believed in a Communist Society which has a no classes.
 Against capitalism
Opium Wars
War between Britain and China.
The Qing dynasty refused to let
British import anymore opium due
to addictions. The British refused to
listen, and the two went to war.
Britain wins and the war leads to
trade opening up in China, and the
West influencing their culture.
Imperialism
Seizure of a weak
country by a strong
country
WWI
Trench Warfare
Treaty of Versailles
 Germany has to take blame for the war (this causes
feelings that will lead to WWII)
 Pay money in war reparations (this leads to the economy
falling apart in Germany)
 Decrease its army (to prevent further attacks)
Stalin’s Five Year Plan
Stalin’s economic policy to
rebuild the Soviet Union’s
economy after WWI. He tried
to improve heavy INDUSTRY
and improve farm output, but
resulted in famine.
Invasion of Poland
Which event starts
World War II?
D-Day
This is an allied assault on
German occupied France.
This forced the Germans to
fight the Allies on the West in
France and on the East in
Russia. It causes them to
fight a two front war which
leads to Germany’s loss.
Israel
 On May 14, 1948, in Tel Aviv, Jewish Agency
Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaims the
State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish
state in 2,000 years. In an afternoon
ceremony at the Tel Aviv Art Museum, BenGurion pronounced the words "We hereby
proclaim the establishment of the Jewish
state in Palestine, to be called Israel,"
Israel
 Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in
Palestine, and Britain attempted to limit Jewish
immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. As a
result of the Holocaust in Europe, many Jews illegally
entered Palestine during World War II. Radical Jewish
groups employed terrorism against British forces in
Palestine, which they thought had betrayed the Zionist
cause. At the end of World War II, in 1945, the United
States took up the Zionist cause. Britain, unable to find
a practical solution, referred the problem to the United
Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition
Palestine.
Cold War
 Overview: The Cold War was a struggle between the
western democratic nations (mainly the United
States) and the communist nation of the Soviet
Union (and later China) for the political supremacy
of the world. Following World War II, the United
States and the other Allies divided Germany into
four occupation zones. Rivalries for influence over
the German territories led to disagreements during
the occupation of Germany by the French, British,
Russians, and Americans. Thus beginning the Cold
War. Over four decades, competition between the
United States and the USSR involved many other
countries aligned with one of the two superpowers.
Cold War
After realizing that Cuba’s new leader, Fidel Castro, had become a
Communist, the United States began planning for the overthrow of
the Castro government. Unwilling to be seen as directly involved in
the overthrow of a populist government such as Castro’s, the U.S.
used the Central Intelligence Agency to train and carry out a coup
against the Castro government. The plan was to carry out a landing
along the Bay of Pigs and use U.S. supplied aircraft to support the
landing. On April 5, 1961, Cuban exiles landed but were crushed by
the Cuban Army and Air Force. The newly elected Kennedy
administration refused to use U.S. air support to support the invasion.
Captured exiles revealed the U.S. backing and Castro went to the
Soviet Union for military and economic support. The Soviet Union
saw Castro’s gesture as a way to expand the Cold War into the
western hemisphere and to throw U.S. strategic planners off their
Cold War
U.S.-Cuban relations were further worsened when Castro
allowed the installation of medium-range nuclear missiles
on Cuba. The Soviet government was worried that U.S.
nuclear weapons held a tactical and strategic edge on the
Soviet Union. The Soviet government decided to place
nuclear missiles on Cuba in order to shorten the time that
Soviet missiles would have to reach targets in the U.S.
These missiles would have placed most of the U.S.,
Canada, and Latin America within the range of attack.
Castro saw the placement of Soviet missile batteries and
their supporting troops as a way of preventing future
interference in Cuban affairs by the United
Nelson Mandela
 Apartheid- Segregating of races in South
Africa
 Nelson Mandela became famous for his long
fight against bad government and racial
prejudice. He became a hero to people all over
the world. As South Africa's President, he was
respected for his courage and wisdom in
bringing people together to live in peace. He
brought a democratic government to South
Africa.
Mikhail Gorbachev
 the general secretary of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to
1991 and president of the Soviet Union in
1990–91. His efforts to democratize his
country’s political system and decentralize its
economy led to the downfall of communism
and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
In part because he ended the Soviet Union’s
postwar domination of eastern Europe,
Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Peace in 1990.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a
permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad
Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela. The five Founding Members were later joined by
nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962) – suspended its
membership from January 2009; Libya (1962); United Arab Emirates
(1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) – suspended its
membership from December 1992-October 2007; Angola (2007) and
Gabon (1975–1994). OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland,
in the first five years of its existence. This was moved to Vienna, Austria,
on September 1, 1965.OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify
petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and
stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular
supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to
those investing in the industry.