Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Diversity of Living Things 3.1: Fungi Plants & Fungi • Fungi have many similarities to plants, but the differences distinguish fungi as a separate kingdom • Similarities with plants: – eukaryotic cells with organelles and cell walls – most do not move and grow in soil or other surface – reproduction sexual, asexual, or both Fungi & Plants • Differences from plants: – can have many nuclei in cells (plants only one nucleus per cell) – are heterotrophs (plants are mostly autotrophs) – have few storage molecules (plants have starch to store carbohydrates) Fungi & Plants • Differences from plants (cont’d): – have no roots (plants have roots) – have chitin in cell walls (plants have cellulose in cell walls) – do not reproduce by seed (some plants reproduce by seed) Importance of fungi • Major decomposer: cycling of nutrients • Symbiotic relationships with plants: fungi help plants attain nutrients from soil, plants give fungi food from photosynthesis http://www.livescience.com/php/multimedia/imagedisplay/img_display.php?pic=060410_ground_fungi_02.jpg&cap=Fungi+decomposing+a+fallen+log+in+th e+Amazonian+rainforest+of+Peru.+Credit%3A+Steven+Allison Importance of fungi cont’d • Cause diseases in animals and plants • Source of consumer products: mushrooms, truffles; help to make bread, soy sauce, blue cheese and alcohol; source of antibiotic penicillin; used in genetic engineering http://qtips4you.blogspot.com/2010/10 /bogo-kikkoman-and-othercoupons.html http://www.bigoven.com/glossary/Blue% 20Cheese http://www.myhomecooking.net/breadrecipes/wheat-bread-recipe.htm Classification and Phylogeny • More than 100 000 species of fungi have been identified • There are 5 major phyla including Basidiomycota (mushrooms) and Zygomycota (moulds on food) • Phyla range in size from microscopic to largest on Earth (Armillaria ostoyae) is 2, 384 acres long which is equivalent to 1, 665 football fields!) • See Table 1 on p. 81 http://thedarksideoftheshroom.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive .html Characteristics • Display extreme diversity in terms of life cycle and characteristics • Body of fungi is composed of network of branching filaments called mycelium. The filaments are called a http://sites.google.com/site/rccbiology/home/chapter-21-fungi hyphae (sing. hypha) • Each hypha contains many nuclei and has cell wall containing chitin • Tubes may be separated by cell wall called septa http://www.fungionline.org.uk/3hyphae/1hypha_ultra.html Characteristics cont’d • Most fungi are multicelluar but some can be unicellular. Yeast is a unicellular fungi which is involved in bread and alcohol production • All fungi are heterotrophs (saprophytes or parasites) http://www.pmbio.icbm.de/mikrobiologischer-garten/eng/enhef01.htm Video clip on Fungi • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_rprVaRY4&feature=fvwrel Characteristics cont’d • Fungi use external digestion (digest then ingest) – They grow next to or within food source and release enzymes which break down food so that nutrients can be absorbed across hypha – Distribution of absorbed nutrients occurs through the mycelium – Most fungi store their food as glycogen (like animals) Symbiotic Relationships in Ecosystems • Lichens are symbiotic combinations of sac fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae – Fungi supply materials for photosynthesis and plants return favour by providing food to fungi http://www.sheridanmedia.com/news/community-colleges-quotpartnershipsquot-and-lichens13308 Other symbiotic relationships • Many examples between animals and fungi – Leaf-cutter ants and fungi http://ecolibrary.org/page/DP176 Mycorrhizae • Mycorrhizae involves more than 80% of all plants – Hyphae grow around plant’s root cells. Fungi give plant nutrients like phosphorous and plant provides fungi with food http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/illglossary/Pages/I-M.aspx Decomposers and disease • Fungal diseases are called mycoses • Some diseases caused by fungi are mild like athlete’s foot and ringworm infection • Some cause respiratory diseases such as Aspergillosis in humans like Blastomycosis and Cryptococcosis http://littletvaddict.com/2010/05/otc-treatment-for-atheletes-footfor-someone-on-warfarin/ http://health.allrefer.com/health/cryptococcosis-cryptococcosis-on-the-forehead.html Video of disease-causing fungi: Cordyceps • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCOQ0VU 24xw