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Evidences for Evolution Evidence I - Fossils: Study this table and proceed to the next slide. Fossils: Guiding Questions – Answer on your handout. 1. How does the horse skeleton show change over time (aka evolution)? Make sure you read the chart from right to left. 2. What is the biggest change in leg and skull anatomy that occurred from the dawn horse to the modern horse? Evidence II - Embryology. Embryology Organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born! Take a look at the six different embryos below: 3. Guess which embryo belongs to which species. Fill your answers in on the chart. Species Human Chicken Rabbit Tortoise Salamander Fish Embryo Embryology: These are embryos at their most advanced stage, shortly before birth. Describe how the embryos changed for each of these organisms from their earliest to latest stages. Species Human Chicken Rabbit Anatomical Changes From Early to Late Stages Embryology: Guiding Questions- Answer on your handout. 4. Look again at the six embryos in their earliest stages. What physical similarities exist between each of the embryos? 5. Does this suggest an evolutionary relationship? Explain how these embryos can be used as evidence of a common ancestor between each of these six organisms. Evidence III- Comparative Anatomy Compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the human arm. Relate the differences you see in form to the differences in function. Animal Comparison to Human Arm in Form Comparison to Human Arm in Function Whale Whale has a much shorter and thicker humerus, radius, and ulna. Much longer metacarpals. Thumb has been shortened to a stub. The whale fin needs to be longer to help in movement through water. Thumbs are not necessary as the fins are not used for grasping. Cat Bat Bird Crocodile Ulna ORANGE Metacarpals Radius YELLOW Phalangs BLUE PURPLE Comparative Anatomy: Guiding Questions- Answer on your handout. 6. What is the name for the type of evidence where the bones of many different organisms have the same structure, but different functions? 7. How is this evidence of a common ancestor? Comparative Anatomy: Vestigial Structures Below are some vestigial structures found in humans. For each, hypothesize what its function may have been and Record the answers on your handout. Structure Possible function? Wisdom teeth Appendix Muscles for moving the ear Body hair Little toe Tailbone 8. How are vestigial structures evidence for evolution? Evidence IV – Molecular Biology Send someone to the front of the room to get highlighters for anyone in your group who may need one. While you are there, pick up an amino acid comparison chart for each of you. You will staple this to your lab. Molecular Biology Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria. It is used in the study of evolutionary relationships because most animals have this protein. Cytochrome c is made of 104 amino acids joined together. Below is a list of the amino acids in part of a cytochrome protein molecule for 9 different animals. Any sequences exactly the same for all animals have been skipped. For each non-human animal, take a highlighter and mark any amino acids that are different than the human sequence. When you finish, record how many differences you found in the table on the next page. 42 43 44 46 47 49 50 53 54 55 56 57 Human Q A P Y S T A K N K G I Chicken Q A E F S T D K N K G I Horse Q A P F S T D K N K G I Tuna Q A E F S T D K S K G I Frog Q A A F S T D K N K G I Shark Q A Q F S T D K S K G I Turtle Q A E F S T E K N K G I Monkey Q A P Y S T A K N K G I Rabbit Q A V F S T D K N K G I 58 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 100 101 102 103 104 Human I G E D T L M E K A T N E Chicken T G E D T L M E D A T S K Horse T K E E T L M E K A T N E Tuna V N N E T L R E K A T S - Frog T G E E T L M E S A C S K Shark T Q Q E T L R I K T A A S Turtle T G E E T L M E D A T S K Monkey T G E D T L M E K A T N E Rabbit T G E D T L M E K A T N E RESULTS TABLE: Animal Number of Amino Acid Differences Compared to Human Cytochrome C Animal Horse Shark Chicken Tuna Frog Turtle Monkey Rabbit Number of Amino Acid Differences Compared to Human Cytochrome C Molecular Biology: Guiding Questions 9. Based on the Cytochrome C data, which organism is most closely related to humans? 10. Do any of the organisms have the same number of differences from human Cytochrome C? In situations like this, how would you decide which is more closely related to humans? Watch the following video on Charles Darwin’s work. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k2UxiHREUM Summary Questions- Work Independently 11. Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Of the different types of evidence that you have examined, which do you think he relied upon the most, and why? 12. Given the amount of research and evidence available on evolution, why is it classified as a theory? You Try – Match the following examples with the type of evidence for evolution. You may use an evidence more than once. Check your work on the following slide. Amino acid sequences are 98% similar in a protein from a chimpanzee and human b. The number of base pairs in human and chimpanzee DNA is remarkably similar c. The appendix of humans is not fully functional, but the appendix of a rabbit is d. The shells of certain ocean invertebrates has become more circular and intricate over time e. The embryos of chicken, humans, and pigs all have a tail and gill slits in the throat region COMPARATIVE ANATOMY MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOSSIL EVIDENCE EMBRYOLOGY a. You Try – Answers A- Molecular B-Molecular C- Comparative Anatomy D- Fossils E- Embryology : Quick Review Each person at your table should explain how each evidence shows a CHANGE IN ORGANISMS OVER TIME! Fossil evidence Embryology Comparative Anatomy Molecular Evidence Practice your explanations from the last slide. Be ready to explain how each evidence presented today shows a change over time. Call your instructor over. Your instructor will call on a random group member and you will all receive credit for the member’s response. Goin’ To The Next Level Now, let’s take what you’ve learned and try your skills at a game. Materials manager should go to the front of the room and get a folder with questions. Let’s compete… Obtain the stack of multiple choice questions. Some are on what you’ve learned today, some are on what you’ve learned earlier in this unit, and some are a review of genetics. Going in a rotation type pattern, each person will choose a card from the stack. Hand the card to another group member, and they will read the card aloud to you. Answer the question. The person reading will turn the card over for the correct answer. If you are correct, you will Spin the Big Wheel in the game that follows. Which member will get the most points?? Play Points 0 Team One 0 Team Two 0 Team Three 0 Team Four 0 Team Five 0 Team Six 0 Team Seven 0 Team Eight