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Evidences for Evolution

Evidence I - Fossils:
Study this table and proceed to the next
slide.
Fossils: Guiding Questions – Answer on
your handout.
 1. How does the horse skeleton show change
over time (aka evolution)?
Make sure you read the chart from right to left.
 2. What is the biggest change in leg and skull
anatomy that occurred from the dawn horse to
the modern horse?
Evidence II - Embryology.
Embryology
Organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born! Take a look
at the six different embryos below:
3. Guess which embryo belongs to which species. Fill your answers in on the chart.
Species
Human
Chicken
Rabbit
Tortoise
Salamander
Fish
Embryo
Embryology:
These are embryos at their most advanced stage, shortly before birth.
Describe how the embryos changed for each of these organisms from their earliest to latest
stages.
Species
Human
Chicken
Rabbit
Anatomical Changes From Early to Late Stages
Embryology: Guiding Questions- Answer
on your handout.
 4. Look again at the six embryos in their earliest
stages. What physical similarities exist between each
of the embryos?
 5. Does this suggest an evolutionary relationship?
Explain how these embryos can be used as evidence
of a common ancestor between each of these six
organisms.
Evidence III- Comparative Anatomy
Compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the human arm. Relate the differences you see in form to the differences in
function.
Animal
Comparison to Human Arm in Form
Comparison to Human Arm in Function
Whale
Whale has a much shorter and thicker
humerus, radius, and ulna. Much longer
metacarpals. Thumb has been shortened to a
stub.
The whale fin needs to be longer to help in
movement through water. Thumbs are not
necessary as the fins are not used for
grasping.
Cat
Bat
Bird
Crocodile
Ulna
ORANGE
Metacarpals
Radius
YELLOW
Phalangs
BLUE
PURPLE
Comparative Anatomy: Guiding
Questions- Answer on your handout.
 6. What is the name for the type of evidence where
the bones of many different organisms have the
same structure, but different functions?
7. How is this evidence of a common ancestor?
Comparative Anatomy: Vestigial
Structures
Below are some vestigial structures found in humans.
For each, hypothesize what its function may have been and
Record the answers on your handout.
Structure
Possible function?
Wisdom teeth
Appendix
Muscles for moving the ear
Body hair
Little toe
Tailbone
8. How are vestigial structures evidence for evolution?
Evidence IV – Molecular Biology
Send someone to the front of the room to get
highlighters for anyone in your group who may need
one.
While you are there, pick up an amino acid comparison
chart for each of you. You will staple this to your lab.
Molecular Biology
Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria. It is used in the study of evolutionary
relationships because most animals have this protein. Cytochrome c is made of 104 amino acids
joined together.
Below is a list of the amino acids in part of a cytochrome protein molecule for 9 different
animals. Any sequences exactly the same for all animals have been skipped.
For each non-human animal, take a highlighter and mark any amino acids that are different
than the human sequence. When you finish, record how many differences you found in the
table on the next page.
42
43
44
46
47
49
50
53
54
55
56
57
Human
Q
A
P
Y
S
T
A
K
N
K
G
I
Chicken
Q
A
E
F
S
T
D
K
N
K
G
I
Horse
Q
A
P
F
S
T
D
K
N
K
G
I
Tuna
Q
A
E
F
S
T
D
K
S
K
G
I
Frog
Q
A
A
F
S
T
D
K
N
K
G
I
Shark
Q
A
Q
F
S
T
D
K
S
K
G
I
Turtle
Q
A
E
F
S
T
E
K
N
K
G
I
Monkey
Q
A
P
Y
S
T
A
K
N
K
G
I
Rabbit
Q
A
V
F
S
T
D
K
N
K
G
I
58
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
100
101
102
103
104
Human
I
G
E
D
T
L
M
E
K
A
T
N
E
Chicken
T
G
E
D
T
L
M
E
D
A
T
S
K
Horse
T
K
E
E
T
L
M
E
K
A
T
N
E
Tuna
V
N
N
E
T
L
R
E
K
A
T
S
-
Frog
T
G
E
E
T
L
M
E
S
A
C
S
K
Shark
T
Q
Q
E
T
L
R
I
K
T
A
A
S
Turtle
T
G
E
E
T
L
M
E
D
A
T
S
K
Monkey
T
G
E
D
T
L
M
E
K
A
T
N
E
Rabbit
T
G
E
D
T
L
M
E
K
A
T
N
E
RESULTS TABLE:
Animal
Number of Amino Acid
Differences Compared to Human
Cytochrome C
Animal
Horse
Shark
Chicken
Tuna
Frog
Turtle
Monkey
Rabbit
Number of Amino Acid
Differences Compared to Human
Cytochrome C
Molecular Biology: Guiding Questions
 9. Based on the Cytochrome C data, which
organism is most closely related to humans?
 10. Do any of the organisms have the same
number of differences from human
Cytochrome C? In situations like this, how
would you decide which is more closely
related to humans?
Watch the following video on Charles
Darwin’s work.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k2UxiHREUM
Summary Questions- Work Independently
 11. Charles Darwin published his book On the
Origin of Species in 1859. Of the different types of
evidence that you have examined, which do you
think he relied upon the most, and why?
 12. Given the amount of research and evidence
available on evolution, why is it classified as a
theory?
You Try – Match the following examples with the type of
evidence for evolution. You may use an evidence more than
once. Check your work on the following slide.
Amino acid sequences are 98% similar in a protein from a
chimpanzee and human
b. The number of base pairs in human and chimpanzee DNA
is remarkably similar
c. The appendix of humans is not fully functional, but the
appendix of a rabbit is
d. The shells of certain ocean invertebrates has become
more circular and intricate over time
e. The embryos of chicken, humans, and pigs all have a tail
and gill slits in the throat region
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
FOSSIL EVIDENCE
EMBRYOLOGY
a.
You Try – Answers
A- Molecular
B-Molecular
C- Comparative Anatomy
D- Fossils
E- Embryology
:
Quick Review
Each person at your table should explain
how each evidence shows a CHANGE IN ORGANISMS
OVER TIME!
 Fossil evidence
 Embryology
 Comparative Anatomy
 Molecular Evidence
Practice your explanations from the last
slide.
 Be ready to explain how each evidence presented today shows
a change over time. Call your instructor over. Your instructor
will call on a random group member and you will all receive
credit for the member’s response.
Goin’ To The Next Level
 Now, let’s take what you’ve learned and try your
skills at a game.
 Materials manager should go to the front of the
room and get a folder with questions.
Let’s compete…
 Obtain the stack of multiple choice questions. Some are on what
you’ve learned today, some are on what you’ve learned earlier in this
unit, and some are a review of genetics.
 Going in a rotation type pattern, each person will choose a card from
the stack. Hand the card to another group member, and they will
read the card aloud to you.
 Answer the question. The person reading will turn the card over for
the correct answer.
 If you are correct, you will Spin the Big Wheel in the game that
follows.
 Which member will get the most points??
Play
Points
0
Team One
0
Team Two
0
Team Three
0
Team Four
0
Team Five
0
Team Six
0
Team Seven
0
Team Eight