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Episode 6
French Revolution
Regional situation
• How united?
• What were people loyal to?
• What brought identification – public sphere
and integrated economy – what does that
mean?
• Birth of nationalism what does that mean?
Reaction to French Revolution
• Some want to keep and some want to stamp it
out.
• Napoleon’s legacy
• Revolutionary wars
• How important was France.
Troubled France
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What 2 things caused the debt?
How did Britain avoid this?
Interest rate?
What are tax farmers and what did they do?
Why did this matter?
How did corruption continue?
Why were the waterways important?
Agriculture
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What happens to goods?
Specialisation? –
Keys to industrialisation and talent!!
What discouraged it in France?
Military
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Why were the French behind?
Perception was…
Reality was…
Only area that was doing well?
Versailles
• Why was Versailles important? What did it
mean?
• Lens…
• Marxist –class
• British- birth of democracy
• Economist-market forces
• Don’t agree – what do you believe
overview
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Kings and nobles – life was …
Merchants and landowners…
Resentment because…
Purchase noble status?
Poor nobles…there problem
Clergy … who resent them why?
Everyone else – peasants and cityfolk
Not united – why important
France late 18th
• Images of wealth
Sigificance of Britain to France
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Lost territory around the world
Won the war in US why a problem
Britain??? Trade helps with who
Nemesis?
France and Britain (Sherlock Holms) who’s
who
Finding revenue
• Solvency
• Finding tax
Netherlands
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Dutch Republic- wealthy help in India
Supported patriots vs Orange ( Britain)
William of Orange.
Prussia – pre eminent? Renowned for?
Prussia contiguous?
Request for military support / badly treated
princess.
• French Government humiliated because…
• Impotent?
Bankruptcy
• 3 reasons why France was in trouble?
Estates General
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14th Century powerful body
Lasted call
Wanted to call it for…. Perceived as…
Secretary for state for the navy.. Warning…
Didn’t talk about tax what did they talk about?
Why
What was the result
Voting in the Estates General
• How did 1 and 2 behavior
• What was the significance of the regional
Estates General meetings
• The meeting caused all the problems to come
out why?
Significance of calling the EG
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Discussed problems
Cahiers de doleance
Matters of state
Legitimate power – weak king
Procedural issue
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Verification? Internal vote / collectively
Didn’t trust why
2 Reasons
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answer
• Trap act as one body – principle
• 3rd estate could block ones they don’t want
• Led to paralysis
• What eased this?
Solution?
• Declared not just estate…but
• Declared national sovereignty
• Represented the people regardless of estate
• Estates General backfired..
• Why did Louis contribute?
• Armed them how?
• Alliance between
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Capatilist and peasants
Not necessary revolutionary
France still Monarch
Constitutional this means
Not threat because… outside opinion was..
Revolution could have ended here!
• What stopped it
Tennis court oath
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Why?
Ordered disband…then…
He did what
Louis’s soldier’s role…
In Paris… Louis feared…
King and minisiters not happy.. People
believed…
significance
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Tennis court oath?
Bastille?
-start why??
What actually happened
Humilitated because
Figure head?
Veto?
Escape why a problem
Bread mattered because
Women did what
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Significance ? Escape and vulnerable?
Varennes ?
Important because… exposed…
Monarchs and republicans fault line burst open ?
National Assembly had relied on the mob wanted
to distance themselves from the streets why?
• Problem?
• Want to distance from the poor
• significance
New Assembly
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Food withheld rumours
Counter revolutionary ? Brother of King??
Who joined? Army gathering in the Rhineland
French emigrees – significance
3rd estate gained power.
Britain hoped for…
Varennes – demonstrated status quo
unsustainable….
Unfit to rule
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What now? Who called for this?
Republic – Assembly feared King deposed..
Mob rule
Turning point why? Champ de Mars – Lafayette..
Significance
• Monarchs alarmed why? What else helped them
to turn attention to France
• Austria and Prussia want what?
• July 6 1791 Padua Circular – help
Result in War - Blanning
• Emigrees thought military intervention was
imminent so redoubled efforts
• Foreign Monarchs reluctance to depose Louise
was due to their intimidation and therefore
could exert power over revolutionaries in the
future
• Revolutionaries believed there was a
conspiracy to deprive them of all they had
gained.
Summer 1791
• Constitution written.
• Assembly ruled.
• Signing Constitution made him powerless sept
13 1791 legislative assembly – why more
radical.
• Hawks and doves.
• Why did France go to war. What did they
believe.
Why go to War April 1792
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Radical body
Pre-emptive strike
Good idea because
Secure the country
Unify country
Demonstrate power to enemies
Believed no one would help Austria and the
people of Austria would support the
revolutionaries.
• Insult – army into Rhineland
French Revolutionary wars
• Morph into Napoleonic Wars
• Transformation from Monarchy –
Constitutional Monarch – Republic
• Inspired Italian Nationalists
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How wars were fought
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Avoid pitched battle
Commanders foreigners
Aristocrats – unqualified
Fear desertion
Not sent to forage fear
War should not concern civilians
Baggage trains
Not about people about territory
Limited goals
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Ancien regimes
30yrs war sacking of a city rare
Mostly peaceful battles infrequent
Enter French Revolution !!!
French army – soldiers mercenaries
Officers nobles.
Revolution caused change
Effects of Revolution on army
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No nobles to head the army
War real possibility
Call for volunteers – unusual
‘Volunteers of 1791’ – loyal, passionate!
No infinite well – had to transform
Army changed from professional to national
Valmy – French shocked Prussia joined Austria
saw Prussia as an ally. Not war of different orders
Significance of Duke of Brunswick’s
manifesto?
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Sent to France.
Royal palace attacked.
Threat – keep family safe
Invigorated revolutionary all on the line
Crowd stormed Tuilery
Neerwinden defeat –
Longywe and Verdun – July
September massacres
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Brunswick – take Paris
Disease and desertion weaker than thought
Prussian reduced commitment
4 armies Dumourez
Dumourez
Sep 20 1792 Valmy –
French had won. Significance
Valmy results?
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Not threatened so
Abolition of monarchy
Louis Capet
Corresponded with enemies of state –iron
chest
• Sentenced to death 21st January 1793
• Consequence? Nationalism.
French Revolutionary
• Not very unified
• Spread.
• Warfare limited conflicts – all out struggle of
all resources
• Larger battles deadlier
• 75,000 men on a side
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Bancrupt
Estates General for new tax code – too late
Constitutional monarchy
Everyone else ok with this
Radicals not far enough
Flight turning point
Other crowned heads begin to fear
Don’t like precident
Consequences
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Valmy – led to execution
First assertions of popularism
Of people by people for the people
Spread by napoleon
Festered long after
1848 erupted
Italy felt the effects
Hope to Italian nationalist
Napoleon
• Enlightened autocrat