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World War I
Sara Olds
Introduction
• Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against
Serbia set off a chain reaction within the
alliance system. The countries of Europe
followed through on their pledges to support
one another. As a result, nearly all of Europe
soon joined what would be the largest, most
destructive war the world had yet seen.
Before It Ends 4 Empires Crumble
•
•
•
•
1. British
2. Austria-Hungarian
3. Ottoman
4. Russian
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
EVENTS AND CAUSES OF WORLD WAR ONE
MILITARY ‘ARMS RACE’
BEGINS BETWEEN FRANCE
AND GERMANY. ARMIES
INCREASE IN SIZE.
1888 - WILHELM II BECOMES KAISER.
HIS AMBITIONS FOR GERMANY RAISE
TENSIONS BETWEEN THE GREAT
POWERS.
FRENCH DESIRE FOR
REVENGE – RECOVER
ALSACE AND LORRAINE
1879-1907: FORMATION OF
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS:
TRIPLE ALLIANCE: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy.
TRIPLE ENTENTE: France,
Russia, Great Britain.
1871 - UNIFICATION
OF GERMANY .
DEFEAT OF FRANCE.
JULY 1914 ASSASSINATION
AT SARAJEVO
NAVAL RACE 1906-1914;
WILHELM’S AMBITIONS FOR
EMPIRE THREATENS
BRITAIN’S SECURITY
1908-1914 - RIVALRY IN THE
BALKANS BETWEEN SERBIA
AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
The Great War Begins
• July 31, 1914: Russia announces full mobilization of its
armed forces.
• August 1, 1914: Germany, taking Russia’s mobilization as a
defacto declaration of war, declares war on Russia.
• August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France.
• August 4, 1914: Germany declares war on neutral Belgium
and invades in a right flanking move designed to defeat France
quickly. As a result of this invasion, Britain declares war on
Germany.
The Great War Begins
• Nations Take Sides
– By mid-August 1914, there are two sides at war
throughout Europe:
• Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary; later
joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
• Allies—Great Britain, France, Russia; later joined by
Japan, Italy (once a member of the Triple Alliance, but
switched sides because Italians believed the war was
unjustly started)
Who’s To Blame?
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
A Bloody Stalemate
• As the summer of 1914 turned to fall, the war
turned into a long and bloody stalemate, or
deadlock, along the battlefields of France. This
deadlocked region in northern France became
known as the Western Front.
The Conflict Grinds Along
• The Schlieffen Plan
– Called for attacking and defeating
France in the west and then rushing
east to fight Russia.
– Counted on the slow mobilization of
Russian forces due to lack of
railways.
– Called for 39 days for the fall of
Paris, and 42 days for the defeat of
France.
General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
The Conflict Grinds Along (continued)
• By early September Germany had swept into
France and reached the outskirts of Paris
• September 5, 1914—At the First Battle of the
Marne, Germany is forced to retreat.
• With this defeat the Schlieffen Plan failed
because Germany was then forced to fight a
two front war.
War in the Trenches
• Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from
trenches.
• Battles result in many deaths and very small land gains.
• Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary.
• New weapons only lead to more deaths.
• The slaughter reached a peak in 1916.
– February 1916: Battle of Verdun—Each side lost more than 300,000.
– July-November 1916: The Somme—Each side suffered more than
500,000 casualties.
– Only 5 miles were gained in each of these battles.
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
The Somme – July, 1916
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one hour.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War
New Weapons of the War
• poison Gas
– chlorine and phosgene—both toxic substances that caused
suffocation
– mustard gas—a blistering agent that caused severe burns
and blisters on the skin and severely damaged the lungs. It
sometimes took five weeks to die from mustard gas
exposure.
•
•
•
•
machine gun
tank
submarine
airplanes
Australian troops in
the trenches
equipped with gas
masks, Battle of
Ypres, 1917
• Mustard gas burns from World War I
The British Vickers machine gun required a six
man team to operate. One to fire, one to feed the
ammunition, and the rest to help carry the
weapon and supplies.
British Mark I tank on September 26, 1916
Submarines:
German U-Boat U-14
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Flying Aces
• Manfred Albrecht Freiherr
von Richthofen (2 May
1892 – 21 April 1918) was a
German fighter pilot known
as the "Red Baron". He was
the most successful flying
ace of World War I, being
officially credited with 80
confirmed air combat
victories. He was killed in
combat with Canadian pilots
near the Somme River.
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
The Zeppelin
Trench Foot (too disgusting to be
pictured)
• Affected feet become numb and then turn red or blue. As
the condition worsens, they may swell. Advanced
immersion foot often involves blisters and open sores,
which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called
tropical ulcer (jungle rot).
• If left untreated, immersion foot usually results in
gangrene, which can require amputation. If immersion
foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal,
though it is marked by severe short-term pain when
feeling returns. Like other cold injuries, immersion foot
leaves sufferers more susceptible to it in the future.
The Battle on the Eastern Front
• Early Fighting
– Eastern Front—site of main fighting along the
German-Russian border.
– Russians push into Austria and Germany, but soon
forced to retreat.
• Russia Struggles
– Russia’s war effort was suffering by 1916; many
casualties and few supplies.
– The huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable
force and prevents Germany from sending more
troops to the Western Front.
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
So How’d the US Get In?
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
• What America Brought to Help End the War
•
•
•
•
1. Foodstuffs
2. Munitions
3. Oil
4. Manpower
•
•
•
•
End of War:
1. Americans advancing in France
2. British Blockade – Starving Germany
3. Propaganda leaflets
• Kaiser forced to leave Holland
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Dead
World War I Casualties
Russia
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Germany
AustriaHungary
France
Great Britain
I taly
Turkey
US
• Paris Conference – League of Nations
(forerunner of United Nations)
Wilson’s 14 Points:
End secret diplomacy
Reduce arms
Evacuate Belgium
Create independent Poland
etc.
The Treaty of Versailles is a Set Up for
Things to Come
What’s in it?
•Reparations
•NO Re-arming the Rhineland
•Alsace-Lorraine given to France
The Soldiers Brought Back a Present
• Spanish Influenza
• Will globally kill between 20 and 40
MILLION people.
• 500,000 Americans die – More than WWI,
WWII, Korean War and Vietnam War
combined
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