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8th Grade Science Content Strand 4 • Lithosphere- solid, rigid, rocky; divided into plates, sits on top of asthenosphere • Asthenosphere- plastic, flowing, hot; mantle, contains convection currents • Oceanic- thinner, more dense, sits lower in the mantle • Continental- thicker, less dense, sits higher in the mantle • Faulting- tension forces, pulling apart • Folding- compression forces, squeezing together • Causes plates to move • Hot rocks in the mantle begin to move • Pangaea- supercontinent 200 million years ago • Evidence • Similar fossils on different continents • Fit together like a puzzle •Warm weather fossils in Antarctica • Convergent- come together • Oceanic- continental- oceanic sinks, volcanoes • Oceanic-oceanic- trench, island arc • Continental-continental- mountains • Divergent- move apart • Oceanic-oceanic- seafloor spreading, midocean ridge •Continental-continental- rift valley, volcanoes • Transform- slide past each other • Earthquakes, San Andreas Fault • Primary waves- faster • Secondary waves- slower • Surface waves- cause most damage • Waves move faster through solids (more dense) than liquids. • • • • • Cold front- cooler temperatures, thunderstorms Warm front- warmer temperatures, light rain High pressure- clear, sunny Low pressure- cloudy, rainy Isobars- lines that connect areas of equal air pressure • Trade winds (easterlies)- blow from east to west near the equator • Westerlies- blow from west to east above 30° North • Can steer hurricanes toward or away from equator • Causes: Too much CO2 • Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) • Deforestation (cutting down trees) • Ways to Reduce: • Recycle • Walk or ride bicycle • Energy efficient appliances • Fluorescent bulbs • Use renewable energy • Renewable- solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass • Nonrenewable- fossil fuels, metals, nuclear (uranium) • Caused by tilt of the Earth • Longer daylight hours during summer than winter. • Equal amounts of daylight during spring and fall. • Tropical- near equator, warm year round, most direct sunlight • Temperate- middle latitudes, warm summers, cool winters • Polar- summer temperatures much higher than winter • Age: 13.7 billion years • Largest to smallest- universe, supercluster, cluster, galaxy, solar system, Earth • Milky Way- spiral galaxy, Sun is located in a spiral arm • Red shift (long wavelength) shows universe is expanding. • Hotter stars give off higher energy radiation. • Short wavelength=high energy • Bluish-white stars give off ultraviolet. • Use of plants to make medicines, improve crops • Using renewable resources instead of nonrenewable • Found in nature • • • • • Lower air pressure= faster winds Trade winds- move hurricanes to west Westerlies- blow them back to the east Warm water- strengthens hurricanes Cold water- weakens
