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Chapter 21 Childbirth and Parenting Newborns Lesson 21.1 Childbirth and the First Days Lesson 21.2 Newborn Care Lesson 21.3 Newborn Nutrition, Growth, and Development Lesson 21.4 Bonding, Communication, and Parenting Issues Lesson 21.5 Teen Parents Lesson 21.1 Childbirth and the First Days Warm-Up What are some important questions a person should consider before making the decision to become a parent? Brainstorm some of these questions and share them with your classmates. thinkstock.com/Blend Images/JGI Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. The Birth Setting • Part of a mother’s birth plan • Birthing room: private space, often within a hospital • Birthing center: nonmedical facility that provides a homelike environment • Home birth • Women should always plan how to reach the nearest hospital in case of emergency shutterstock.com/Monkey Business Images Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further When it comes to the question of who should deliver the baby, what are some options that a mother has? • Obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) • Family doctor • Nurse-midwife Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Labor and Delivery Issues • Issues that should be discussed before labor begins to ensure a nonstressful delivery • Pain management – Epidural anesthesia • Delivery decisions – Cesarean section (C-section) thinkstock.com/iStock/pojoslaw Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Critical Thinking The actual delivery process may be stressful, so it is best to make decisions before childbirth takes place. What are some of these important decisions? • • • • • • • Who will be present during the birth? Will the mother use pain medication? Will a doctor or nurse-midwife deliver the baby? Will the mother have a C-section if recommended? Will a son be circumcised? Will the baby be breast-fed or formula-fed? How will the mother and baby get home? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Testing • Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted through the uterus to extract fluid from the amniotic sac. – The amniotic sac is a pouch of fluid that surrounds a fetus. – Cells extracted from the amniotic fluid are analyzed to determine if any genetic defects are present. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Testing • An ultrasound is a diagnostic procedure in which high high-frequency sound waves are used to provide an image of the developing baby. – Ultrasound can be used to confirm pregnancy and the sex of the fetus, and to help a doctor diagnose any problems the mother might be having. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Prenatal Care • Prenatal care is the care that is given to the mother and baby before birth. • Prenatal care includes medical examinations, proper nutrition, childbirth and child-care education, and avoidance of risk behaviors. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Prenatal Care • Premature birth or low birth weight may result when a developing baby does not receive adequate nutrients. – Premature birth is the birth of a baby before it is fully developed—less than 38 weeks from the time of conception. – A low birth weight is a weight at birth that is less than 5.5 pounds. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Prenatal Care • A pregnant female needs to check with her physician before she takes any prescriptions or over-the-counter drugs. • A female should not drink alcohol during pregnancy. • Fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS, is the presence of severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy. • Smoking and breathing smoke from tobacco products increase the risk of complications, miscarriage, and stillbirth during pregnancy. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Prenatal Care • A miscarriage is the natural ending of a pregnancy before a baby is developed enough to survive on its own outside the mother’s body. • A stillbirth is the birth of a dead fetus. • Babies born to mothers who use drugs can be born prematurely, have low birth weight, and can be addicted to drugs. • Caffeine may be linked to birth defects. • Folic acid is one nutrient known to prevent birth defects. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • After conception, a fertilized ovum continues to divide and move through the Fallopian tube. • The cell divisions form a cluster of cells by the time they reach the uterus. • These cells attach to the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • An embryo is a developing baby through the second month of growth after conception. • A fetus is a developing baby from the ninth week after conception until birth. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • The outer cells of the embryo and the cells of the endometrium form the placenta. • The placenta is an organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus. • Other cells form the umbilical cord, which is a rope-like structure that connects the embryo to the placenta. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • How pregnancy is determined – Absence of a menstrual period may indicate pregnancy. – If conception has occurred, a female usually has other symptoms of pregnancy, such as fatigue and morning sickness. – A female who misses a period and also has other symptoms of pregnancy should have a pregnancy test. – Pregnancy usually lasts nine months and is divided into trimesters or three-month periods. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • The first trimester – At the end of the first month, the embryo has a heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a spinal cord. – By the end of the second month, the embryo is recognizable as a human and is called a fetus. – By the end of the first trimester, the heart has four chambers. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 5 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 7 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 8 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Week 14 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • The second trimester – By the end of the fourth month, fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have developed. – Movement of the fetus can be felt by the mother, and the fetus can bend its arms and make a fist. – During the fifth month, the heartbeat can be detected by a stethoscope. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Weeks 18 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 20 Weeks (5 Months) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pregnancy • The third trimester – Optimum development occurs at about 40 weeks after conception. – Babies eyes open – Baby detects light – Baby starts to practice breathing _ Rapid weight gain Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 6 months Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 30 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 32 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 40 Weeks • The baby, now approximately seven and a half pounds. • At birth the placenta will detach from the side of the uterus and the umbilical cord will cease working as the child takes his first breaths of air. • The child's breathing will trigger changes in the structure of the heart and bypass arteries which will force all blood to now travel through the lungs. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. 40 Weeks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Childbirth • Labor is considered to have three distinct stages. • Stage 1: Dilation of the cervix – The first stage of labor can last from two hours to many hours. – The cervical opening enlarges eight to ten centimeters—wide enough for the baby to move through. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Childbirth • Stage 2: Delivery of the baby – The second stage begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby. – Crowning is the appearance of the baby’s head during delivery. – Once the baby has been eased out of the birth canal and begins to breathe on its own, the umbilical cord is cut. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Childbirth • Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta – The third stage of labor is the expulsion of the afterbirth. – The afterbirth is the placenta that is expelled after delivery. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What to Know About Childbirth • Childbirth classes – Childbirth classes are available from hospitals, health centers, and other organizations to prepare prospective parents for the birth of their baby. – Special exercise classes also are offered for pregnant females to help them stay fit during pregnancy and prepare for childbirth. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Complications During Pregnancy and Childbirth • Ectopic pregnancy, which can be caused by tissue scarring from STDs, is a pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus. • Ectopic pregnancy can be fatal to females. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Complications During Pregnancy and Childbirth • Rh incompatibility is a mismatch between the blood of a pregnant female and the blood of the developing baby. • Toxemia of pregnancy is a condition characterized by a rise in the pregnant female’s blood pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein into the urine. Untreated toxemia can be fatal to females and their developing babies. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Complications During Pregnancy and Childbirth • Miscarriage is the natural ending of a pregnancy before a baby has developed enough to survive on its own outside the mother’s body. • Cesarean section is a procedure in which a baby is removed from the mother by making an incision through the mother’s abdomen and uterus and removing the baby. • Stillbirth is a fully developed baby that is born dead. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Baby’s First Medical Exam • Doctors use the Apgar test to assess a newborn’s condition after delivery • Physical exam and standard blood tests are also performed Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further What are some characteristics of a newborn baby? • • • • The average baby weighs 7 pounds, 4 ounces The average baby is 20 inches long The baby’s head may be temporarily misshapen Newborns may be temporarily covered in a white protective coating called vernix • Newborns’ skin may be discolored, rough, wrinkled, or have blotches or rashes Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Adoption • The legal process of placing a child with someone other than the child’s biological parents • Open adoptions: adopted children may have contact with their biological parents • Closed adoptions: the birth parents’ information is kept private • Transcultural adoption: when an infant or child is adopted from another country or culture shutterstock.com/JGA Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Lesson 21.2 Newborn Care Handling Newborns • Everyone should wash their hands before handling babies • The fontanels, or soft spots, on a baby’s head should not be touched during the first few months • The baby’s head and neck should always be supported shutterstock.com/szefei Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Critical Thinking What are some steps a parent can take to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)? • Put babies to sleep on their backs • Do not allow anyone to smoke near babies • Remove crib padding, fluffy bedding, and pillows from the crib • Remove stuffed animals and fluffy toys from the crib Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Diaper Care and Bathing • Disposable diapers versus cloth diapers • Preventing diaper rash • Babies should be bathed regularly and gently in a bathtub, sink, or baby tub • Circumcision wound and umbilical cord require cleaning shutterstock.com/Marlon Lopez MMG1 Design Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Medical Care • Parents often choose a pediatrician, or doctor who specializes in caring for babies and children • Immunizations (vaccinations) are important to protect babies from common, contagious, and dangerous infections • Parents and caregivers should be on high alert for medical issues common to newborns and infants shutterstock.com/Iakov Filimonov Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Critical Thinking List several signs of a medical emergency in an infant or child that would require a 911 call. • • • • Difficulty breathing Uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhea Low levels of urine production Unconsciousness Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Lesson 21.3 Newborn Nutrition, Growth, and Development Breast-Feeding • At birth, a mother’s breasts make colostrum, a nutritious, healthy liquid different from regular breast milk • Colostrum contains more protein and fat than normal breast milk, as well as antibodies to help fight infection • Recommended for infants in the first six months of life, if possible thinkstock.com/iStock/oksun70 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Formula-Feeding • Involves the use of infant formula rather than breast milk to feed babies • Replicates the nutrient and caloric content of breast milk and provides complete infant nutrition • May be a good alternative if breast-feeding is not possible thinkstock.com/Photodisc/Photodisc Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further What are some advantages of breast-feeding? What are some advantages of formula-feeding? Breast-feeding • Breast milk is the natural form of nutrition for babies • Breast-fed babies have a lower risk for developing certain diseases • Breast-feeding helps the mother lose weight and causes her uterus to return to normal Formula-feeding • The mother can share feeding responsibilities • Mothers are more able to monitor what their baby is eating • Babies digest formula more slowly so they require feeding less often Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Newborn Growth • During the first 30 days, infants can gain an ounce each day • Babies continue to grow at the same rate during the next 2-3 months • Most full-term newborns triple their birth weight in one year • The most significant factor in a baby’s birth weight and growth is nutrition shutterstock.com/iofoto Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Lesson 21.4 Bonding, Communication, and Parenting Issues Bonding with Babies • Bonding means forming a close, intimate attachment • Ways to bond with babies – Holding babies – Making eye contact – Talking or singing to them • Parents can also bond with their adopted children • Babies bond when their hunger and distress is met with kindness and attention shutterstock.com/Falcona Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Communicating with Babies • Babies first communicate primarily by crying • Parents will learn the different reasons their baby cries • Parents and caregivers can respond to crying with a soothing voice • Parents and caregivers should talk to their babies shutterstock.com/Iakov Filimonov Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further Myth or Fact? Babies only cry when they are upset. MYTH – Fact: A baby’s cry may express hunger, sleepiness, stress, or discomfort. – Fact: Alert parents will learn the different cries their baby has for different reasons. – Fact: Babies may also cry if they are overloaded with sensory input. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Parenting Issues • Parents usually feel some degree of stress about pregnancy, parenthood, and their responsibilities • Postpartum depression mother develops severe depression. • The parents’ relationship may suffer because a baby demands much time and emotional energy • Parents should discuss their feelings and avoid outbursts of anger shutterstock.com/Iakov Filimonov Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further What are some possible consequences of shaken baby syndrome? • • • • • • • Spinal cord damage Bleeding in the brain or eyes Seizures Respiratory distress Permanent brain damage (cognitive disabilities) Permanent physical disabilities (blindness) Death Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Lesson 21.5 Teen Parents Challenges of Becoming a Teen Parent • Teen parents often do not have financial or emotional support • Friends and family may withdraw and distance themselves • Pregnant teens must learn everything they can about parenting thinkstock.com/Hemera/Mika Heittola Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Think Further Compared with children born to adult parents, the children of teen parents are… • • • • • • Less likely to graduate from high school Less likely to attend college More likely to become teen parents More likely to be abused, abandoned, or neglected More likely to be convicted of a crime or go to jail Two to three times more likely to run away from home Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Financial Challenges for Teen Parents • The biggest expenses related to raising a child are child care, healthcare, and education • Parents must decide to stay in school or drop out and work full time • Teen fathers are often too poor to support themselves and pay child support • Teen parents should try to graduate from high school so they are better equipped to support themselves and their child thinkstock.com/iStock/danr13 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. $245,000 To raise a child born in 2014 to the age of 18, it will cost just over $245,000, according to newly released estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. That's up $4,260, or almost 2%, from the year before. Estimates can vary widely depending on where you live and how much you earn. Aug 18, 2014 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. According to the College Board, the average cost of tuition and fees for the 2014–2015 school year was $31,231 at private colleges, $9,139 for state residents at public colleges, and $22,958 for out-ofstate residents attending public universities. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Critical Thinking What responsibilities do teen fathers have? • Attending prenatal and parenting classes • Sharing child care duties with the mother • May be legally obligated to contribute financially through child support Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Placing a Child for Adoption • Some teen mothers may feel unable to raise their child and decide to place the child for adoption • The mother should learn her state’s adoption laws • Safe haven laws permit people to leave their babies at certain facilities with no questions asked shutterstock.com/rSnapshotPhotos Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.