Download Pregnancy

Chapter 21
Childbirth and Parenting
Newborns
Lesson 21.1 Childbirth and the First Days
Lesson 21.2 Newborn Care
Lesson 21.3 Newborn Nutrition, Growth,
and Development
Lesson 21.4 Bonding, Communication,
and Parenting Issues
Lesson 21.5 Teen Parents
Lesson 21.1
Childbirth and
the First Days
Warm-Up
What are some important
questions a person
should consider before
making the decision to
become a parent?
Brainstorm some of
these questions and
share them with your
classmates.
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The Birth Setting
• Part of a mother’s birth plan
• Birthing room: private space,
often within a hospital
• Birthing center: nonmedical
facility that provides a
homelike environment
• Home birth
• Women should always plan
how to reach the nearest
hospital in case of emergency
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Think Further
When it comes to the question of who should deliver
the baby, what are some options that a mother has?
• Obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN)
• Family doctor
• Nurse-midwife
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Labor and Delivery Issues
• Issues that should be
discussed before
labor begins to
ensure a nonstressful delivery
• Pain management
– Epidural anesthesia
• Delivery decisions
– Cesarean section
(C-section)
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Critical Thinking
The actual delivery process may be stressful, so it is best to
make decisions before childbirth takes place. What are some
of these important decisions?
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Who will be present during the birth?
Will the mother use pain medication?
Will a doctor or nurse-midwife deliver the baby?
Will the mother have a C-section if recommended?
Will a son be circumcised?
Will the baby be breast-fed or formula-fed?
How will the mother and baby get home?
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Testing
• Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure in
which a needle is inserted through the uterus to
extract fluid from the amniotic sac.
– The amniotic sac is a pouch of fluid that
surrounds a fetus.
– Cells extracted from the amniotic fluid are
analyzed to determine if any genetic defects
are present.
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Testing
• An ultrasound is a diagnostic procedure
in which high high-frequency sound waves
are used to provide an image of the
developing baby.
– Ultrasound can be used
to confirm pregnancy and
the sex of the fetus, and
to help a doctor diagnose
any problems the mother
might be having.
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Prenatal Care
• Prenatal care is the care that is
given to the mother and baby
before birth.
• Prenatal care includes medical
examinations, proper nutrition,
childbirth and child-care
education, and avoidance of
risk behaviors.
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What to Know About Prenatal Care
• Premature birth or low birth weight may result
when a developing baby does not receive
adequate nutrients.
– Premature birth is the birth of a baby before it
is fully developed—less than 38 weeks from
the time of conception.
– A low birth weight is a
weight at birth that is less
than 5.5 pounds.
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What to Know About Prenatal Care
• A pregnant female needs to check with her
physician before she takes any prescriptions
or over-the-counter drugs.
• A female should not drink alcohol during
pregnancy.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS, is the
presence of severe birth defects in babies born
to mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy.
• Smoking and breathing smoke from tobacco
products increase the risk of complications,
miscarriage, and stillbirth during pregnancy.
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What to Know About Prenatal
Care
• A miscarriage is the natural ending of a
pregnancy before a baby is developed enough
to survive on its own outside the mother’s body.
• A stillbirth is the birth of a dead fetus.
• Babies born to mothers who use drugs can be
born prematurely, have low birth weight, and can
be addicted to drugs.
• Caffeine may be linked to birth defects.
• Folic acid is one nutrient known to prevent
birth defects.
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Pregnancy
• After conception, a fertilized ovum continues to
divide and move through the Fallopian tube.
• The cell divisions form a cluster of cells by the
time they reach the uterus.
• These cells attach to the endometrium, which is
the lining of the uterus.
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Pregnancy
• An embryo is a developing baby through the
second month of growth after conception.
• A fetus is a developing baby from the ninth
week after conception until birth.
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Pregnancy
• The outer cells of the embryo and the cells of
the endometrium form the placenta.
• The placenta is an organ that anchors the
embryo to the uterus.
• Other cells form the umbilical cord, which is a
rope-like structure that connects the embryo
to the placenta.
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Pregnancy
• How pregnancy is determined
– Absence of a menstrual period may indicate
pregnancy.
– If conception has occurred, a female usually
has other symptoms of pregnancy, such as
fatigue and morning sickness.
– A female who misses a period and also has
other symptoms of pregnancy should have a
pregnancy test.
– Pregnancy usually lasts nine months and is
divided into trimesters or three-month periods.
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Pregnancy
• The first trimester
– At the end of the first month, the embryo
has a heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a
spinal cord.
– By the end of the second month, the embryo is
recognizable as a human and is called a fetus.
– By the end of the first trimester, the heart has
four chambers.
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5 Weeks
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7 Weeks
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8 Weeks
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Week 14
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Pregnancy
• The second trimester
– By the end of the fourth month, fingernails,
toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes
have developed.
– Movement of the fetus can be felt by the
mother, and the fetus can bend its arms and
make a fist.
– During the fifth month, the heartbeat can be
detected by a stethoscope.
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Weeks 18
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20 Weeks (5 Months)
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Pregnancy
• The third trimester
– Optimum development occurs at about 40
weeks after conception.
– Babies eyes open
– Baby detects light
– Baby starts to practice
breathing
_ Rapid weight gain
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6 months
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30 Weeks
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32 Weeks
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40 Weeks
• The baby, now approximately seven and a half
pounds.
• At birth the placenta will detach from the side of
the uterus and the umbilical cord will cease
working as the child takes his first breaths of air.
• The child's breathing will trigger changes in the
structure of the heart and bypass arteries which
will force all blood to now travel through the
lungs.
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40 Weeks
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What to Know About Childbirth
• Labor is considered to have three distinct stages.
• Stage 1: Dilation of the cervix
– The first stage of labor can last from two
hours to many hours.
– The cervical opening
enlarges eight to ten
centimeters—wide
enough for the baby
to move through.
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What to Know About Childbirth
• Stage 2: Delivery of the baby
– The second stage begins when the cervix is
completely dilated and ends with the delivery
of the baby.
– Crowning is the
appearance of the
baby’s head
during delivery.
– Once the baby has been eased out of the
birth canal and begins to breathe on its own,
the umbilical cord is cut.
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What to Know About Childbirth
• Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta
– The third stage of labor is the expulsion of
the afterbirth.
– The afterbirth is the placenta that is
expelled after delivery.
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What to Know About Childbirth
• Childbirth classes
– Childbirth classes are available from
hospitals, health centers, and other
organizations to prepare prospective parents
for the birth of their baby.
– Special exercise classes also are offered for
pregnant females to help them stay fit during
pregnancy and prepare for childbirth.
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Complications During Pregnancy
and Childbirth
• Ectopic pregnancy,
which can be caused
by tissue scarring
from STDs, is a
pregnancy that occurs
outside of the uterus.
• Ectopic pregnancy can
be fatal to females.
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Complications During Pregnancy
and Childbirth
• Rh incompatibility is a mismatch between the
blood of a pregnant female and the blood of the
developing baby.
• Toxemia of pregnancy is a condition
characterized by a rise in the pregnant female’s
blood pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein
into the urine. Untreated toxemia can be fatal to
females and their developing babies.
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Complications During Pregnancy
and Childbirth
• Miscarriage is the natural ending of a
pregnancy before a baby has developed
enough to survive on its own outside the
mother’s body.
• Cesarean section is a procedure in which a
baby is removed from the mother by making an
incision through the mother’s abdomen and
uterus and removing the baby.
• Stillbirth is a fully developed baby that is
born dead.
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Baby’s First Medical Exam
• Doctors use the Apgar test to assess a newborn’s
condition after delivery
• Physical exam and standard blood tests are also
performed
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Think Further
What are some characteristics of a newborn baby?
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The average baby weighs 7 pounds, 4 ounces
The average baby is 20 inches long
The baby’s head may be temporarily misshapen
Newborns may be temporarily covered in a white
protective coating called vernix
• Newborns’ skin may be discolored, rough, wrinkled, or
have blotches or rashes
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Adoption
• The legal process of placing a
child with someone other than
the child’s biological parents
• Open adoptions: adopted
children may have contact with
their biological parents
• Closed adoptions: the birth
parents’ information is kept
private
• Transcultural adoption: when
an infant or child is adopted
from another country or culture
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Lesson 21.2
Newborn Care
Handling Newborns
• Everyone should wash
their hands before
handling babies
• The fontanels, or soft
spots, on a baby’s
head should not be
touched during the first
few months
• The baby’s head and
neck should always be
supported
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Critical Thinking
What are some steps a parent can take to reduce
the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
• Put babies to sleep on their backs
• Do not allow anyone to smoke near babies
• Remove crib padding, fluffy bedding, and pillows from
the crib
• Remove stuffed animals and fluffy toys from the crib
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Diaper Care and Bathing
• Disposable diapers
versus cloth diapers
• Preventing diaper rash
• Babies should be
bathed regularly and
gently in a bathtub,
sink, or baby tub
• Circumcision wound
and umbilical cord
require cleaning
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Medical Care
• Parents often choose a
pediatrician, or doctor who
specializes in caring for
babies and children
• Immunizations (vaccinations)
are important to protect
babies from common,
contagious, and dangerous
infections
• Parents and caregivers
should be on high alert for
medical issues common to
newborns and infants
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Critical Thinking
List several signs of a medical emergency in an
infant or child that would require a 911 call.
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Difficulty breathing
Uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhea
Low levels of urine production
Unconsciousness
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Lesson 21.3
Newborn Nutrition,
Growth, and Development
Breast-Feeding
• At birth, a mother’s breasts
make colostrum, a
nutritious, healthy liquid
different from regular
breast milk
• Colostrum contains more
protein and fat than normal
breast milk, as well as
antibodies to help fight
infection
• Recommended for infants
in the first six months of
life, if possible
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Formula-Feeding
• Involves the use of infant
formula rather than breast
milk to feed babies
• Replicates the nutrient
and caloric content of
breast milk and provides
complete infant nutrition
• May be a good alternative
if breast-feeding is not
possible
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Think Further
What are some advantages of breast-feeding? What are
some advantages of formula-feeding?
Breast-feeding
• Breast milk is the natural form of nutrition for babies
• Breast-fed babies have a lower risk for developing certain diseases
• Breast-feeding helps the mother lose weight and causes her uterus
to return to normal
Formula-feeding
• The mother can share feeding responsibilities
• Mothers are more able to monitor what their baby is eating
• Babies digest formula more slowly so they require feeding less often
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Newborn Growth
• During the first 30 days,
infants can gain an ounce
each day
• Babies continue to grow at
the same rate during the
next 2-3 months
• Most full-term newborns
triple their birth weight in
one year
• The most significant factor
in a baby’s birth weight
and growth is nutrition
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Lesson 21.4
Bonding, Communication,
and Parenting Issues
Bonding with Babies
• Bonding means forming a
close, intimate attachment
• Ways to bond with babies
– Holding babies
– Making eye contact
– Talking or singing to them
• Parents can also bond with
their adopted children
• Babies bond when their
hunger and distress is met
with kindness and attention
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Communicating with Babies
• Babies first communicate
primarily by crying
• Parents will learn the
different reasons their
baby cries
• Parents and caregivers
can respond to crying
with a soothing voice
• Parents and caregivers
should talk to their babies
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Think Further
Myth or Fact?
Babies only cry when they are upset.
MYTH
– Fact: A baby’s cry may express hunger, sleepiness,
stress, or discomfort.
– Fact: Alert parents will learn the different cries their
baby has for different reasons.
– Fact: Babies may also cry if they are overloaded with
sensory input.
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Parenting Issues
• Parents usually feel some
degree of stress about
pregnancy, parenthood, and
their responsibilities
• Postpartum depression mother
develops severe depression.
• The parents’ relationship may
suffer because a baby
demands much time and
emotional energy
• Parents should discuss their
feelings and avoid outbursts of
anger
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Think Further
What are some possible consequences of shaken
baby syndrome?
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Spinal cord damage
Bleeding in the brain or eyes
Seizures
Respiratory distress
Permanent brain damage (cognitive disabilities)
Permanent physical disabilities (blindness)
Death
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Lesson 21.5
Teen Parents
Challenges of Becoming
a Teen Parent
• Teen parents often do
not have financial or
emotional support
• Friends and family
may withdraw and
distance themselves
• Pregnant teens must
learn everything they
can about parenting
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Think Further
Compared with children born to adult parents, the
children of teen parents are…
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Less likely to graduate from high school
Less likely to attend college
More likely to become teen parents
More likely to be abused, abandoned, or neglected
More likely to be convicted of a crime or go to jail
Two to three times more likely to run away from home
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Financial Challenges for
Teen Parents
• The biggest expenses related to
raising a child are child care,
healthcare, and education
• Parents must decide to stay in
school or drop out and work full
time
• Teen fathers are often too poor to
support themselves and pay child
support
• Teen parents should try to
graduate from high school so they
are better equipped to support
themselves and their child
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$245,000
To raise a child born in 2014 to the
age of 18, it will cost just over
$245,000, according to newly
released estimates from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. That's up
$4,260, or almost 2%, from the year
before. Estimates can vary widely
depending on where you live and how
much you earn. Aug 18, 2014
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According to the College Board, the
average cost of tuition and fees for
the 2014–2015 school year was
$31,231 at private colleges, $9,139
for state residents at public
colleges, and $22,958 for out-ofstate residents attending public
universities.
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Critical Thinking
What responsibilities do teen fathers have?
• Attending prenatal and parenting classes
• Sharing child care duties with the mother
• May be legally obligated to contribute financially
through child support
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Placing a Child for Adoption
• Some teen mothers may
feel unable to raise their
child and decide to place
the child for adoption
• The mother should learn
her state’s adoption laws
• Safe haven laws permit
people to leave their
babies at certain facilities
with no questions asked
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