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Chapter 33 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War 1933–1941 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • FOCUS QUESTIONS • 1. What were the main characteristics of Roosevelt’s foreign policy and why was the American public bent on isolationism during the 1930s? • 2. What were the steps that America took to try and remain neutral as Europe headed into World War II? • 3. What steps did Germany and Japan take to lead America into the European conflict? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (Part 1) • Examine America's key international policies of the early 1930s • Analyze the roots and early outcomes of the United States’ decision to adopt a policy of neutrality • Explain the forces that led the U.S. to begin to turn away from neutrality Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (Part 2) • Outline the politics and policies surrounding and immediately following the 1940 election • Summarize the events that led the U.S. to formally join the war Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • CHAPTER THEME • Theme: In the early and mid-1930s, the United States attempted to isolate itself from foreign involvements and wars. But by the end of the decade, the spread of totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition. • CHAPTER SUMMARY • Roosevelt’s early foreign policies, such as wrecking the London economic conference and establishing the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America, were governed by concern for domestic recovery and reflected America’s desire for a less active role in the world. America virtually withdrew from all European affairs, and promised independence to the Philippines as an attempt to avoid Asian commitments. • Depression-spawned chaos in Europe and Asia strengthened the isolationist impulse, as Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts designed to prevent America from being drawn into foreign wars. The United States adhered to the policy for a time, despite the aggression of Italy, Germany, and Japan. But after the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Roosevelt began to provide some aid to the Allies. • After the fall of France, Roosevelt gave greater assistance to desperate Britain in the destroyersfor-bases deal and in lend-lease. Still-powerful isolationists protested these measures, but Wendell Willkie refrained from attacking Roosevelt’s foreign policy in the 1940 campaign. • Roosevelt and Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, and by the summer of 1941, the United States was fighting an undeclared naval war with Germany in the North Atlantic. After negotiations with Japan failed, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor plunged the United States into World War II. • Over-arching Themes of CH-33 • Dictatorships overseas forced FDR to stray from American issues and look outside of the U.S. FDR wanted peace, but events slowly drew the U.S. closer and then into WWII. • When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, FDR (and Europe) made it clear they wanted peace. This effectively gave the dictators a “go-ahead” sign. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Over-arching Themes of CH-33 • Events showed war as inevitable. Japan attacked China. Spain became a dictatorship, and Italy and Germany did as well. • After watching Hitler go on the move, he finally broke a pledge to not attack Poland. England and France went to war. The U.S. still wanted to stay out. • As the situation overseas deteriorated, the U.S. began to support England and France more openly with words and supplies. Finally, when Pearl Harbor was attacked, the U.S. entered WWII. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chronology (Part 1) WHEN EVENT 1933 FDR torpedoes London Economic Conference United States recognizes Soviet Union FDR declares Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America Hitler becomes German chancellor Germany quits League of Nations Tydings-McDuffie Act provides for Philippine independence on July 4, 1946 U.S. Marines vacate Haiti Mussolini invades Ethiopia U.S. Neutrality Act of 1935 Japan quits League of Nations 1934 1935 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chronology (Part 2) WHEN 1936 1936–1939 1937 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EVENT U.S. Neutrality Act of 1936 Mussolini and Hitler form Rome-Berlin Axis Stalin begins Great Purge German troops invade Rhineland Spanish Civil War U.S. Neutrality Act of 1937 Panay incident Japan invades China Chronology (Part 3) WHEN 1938 1939 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EVENT Hitler seizes Austria Munich Conference Kristallnacht in Germany Hitler seizes all of Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet pact World War II begins in Europe with Hitler’s invasion of Poland U.S. Neutrality Act of 1939 Chronology (Part 4) WHEN 1940 1941 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EVENT Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium Fall of France United States institutes first peacetime draft Battle of Britain Bases-for-destroyers deal with Britain FDR defeats Willkie for presidency Lend-Lease Act Hitler attacks Soviet Union Atlantic Charter Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Roosevelt’s Early Foreign Policies (Part 1) 1933: London Economic Conference Goal was to stabilize national currencies and exchange rates Roosevelt was unwilling to an agreement that might tie his hands Withdrew America from the negotiations Roosevelt’s attitude plunged the planet even deeper into economic crisis Collapse of the conference strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Roosevelt’s Early Foreign Policies (Part 2) Withdrawal from Asia 1934: Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for independence of the Philippines in 1946 Good Neighbor policy Renounced further armed intervention in Latin America Sought a new attitude of friendliness and consultation with America’s southern neighbors Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Turning Toward Isolationism (Part 1) Totalitarianism The individual nothing; the state everything 1936: Joseph Stalin began to purge all dissidents 1922: Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy 1933: Adolf Hitler controlled Germany 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis formed 1940: Japan joined with Germany and Italy in the Tripartite Pact 1935: Mussolini attacked Ethiopia League of Nations failed to act Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Wages of Despair Disillusioned and desperate, millions of Germans in the 1930s looked to Adolf Hitler as their savior from the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which had concluded World War I. This Nazi poster reads, “Our Last Hope: Hitler.” Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Turning Toward Isolationism (Part 2) Isolationism Americans believed that their encircling seas conferred immunity 1934: Johnson Debt Default Act Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 When the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions go into effect: No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Turning Toward Isolationism (Part 3) Neutrality proved to be shortsighted – no distinction between aggressors and victims Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 Spanish rebels led by General Francisco Franco undertook to overthrow the established Loyalist regime Some Americans joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade – helped defend against Franco’s coup Washington amended neutrality legislation to apply an embargo to both Loyalists and rebels Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Appeasing Japan and Germany (Part 1) 1937: Japanese militarists An all-out invasion of China Roosevelt declined to call the incident war He would have cut off munitions to the Chinese Quarantine Speech in the autumn of 1937 “Positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the aggressors Triggered protest from isolationists and other foes of involvement Feared a moral quarantine would lead to shooting Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Appeasing Japan and Germany (Part 2) Adolf Hitler louder and bolder 1935: Compulsory military service 1938: Occupied Austria; made demands for the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia Marched into the German Rhineland Undertook to exterminate the Jewish population Developed new air force and mechanized ground divisions British and French leaders consented Appeasement was merely surrender on the installment plan Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality (Part 1) Joseph Stalin a key to peace 1939: A mutual defense treaty with Britain and France fell through August 23, 1939: Hitler-Stalin pact signed Hitler sent mechanized divisions into Poland on September 1, 1939 Britain and France promptly declared war; they were powerless to aid Poland, which was quickly divided between Hitler and Stalin World War II was now fully launched Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality (Part 2) Neutrality a heated issue Neutrality Act of 1939: European democracies might buy American war materials on a “cash-and-carry” basis They were required to pay for munitions in cash and transport them in their own ships Policy favored the European democracies against the dictators; the British and French navies controlled the Atlantic United States improved its moral position; simultaneously helped its economic position Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Fall of France (Part 1) “Phony war” in months following Poland’s collapse –ominous silence fell on Europe Hitler shifted his divisions from Poland April 1940: Overran Denmark and Norway May: Attacked the Netherlands and Belgium Late June: Forced France to surrender British managed to salvage their army in an evacuation from Dunkirk The crisis brought forth a leader in Prime Minister Winston Churchill Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Fall of France (Part 2) France’s collapse shocked Americans Britons all that stood between Hitler and the death of constitutional government in Europe If Britain fell, Hitler would have Western Europe, including the British fleet Roosevelt moved to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy Congress appropriated $37 billion September 6, 1940: Congress passed a conscription law, America’s first peacetime draft Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Refugees from the Holocaust Anti-Semitism November 9, 1938: Kristallnacht Many Jews attempted to escape Mobs ransacked Jewish shops synagogues; thirty thousand Jews sent to concentration camps Lack of visas; restrictive immigration laws After Nazi genocide verified in 1942, Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board By the end of the war, some 6 million Jews had been murdered in the Holocaust Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Bolstering Britain (Part 1) Britain between Hitler and his dream August 1940: Battle of Britain raged in the air Debate intensified in the United States over what foreign policy to embrace Whether to hunker down in “Fortress America” or bolster Britain by all means short of war itself – both sides had their advocates Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Bolstering Britain (Part 2) Britain’s critical need of destroyers German submarines attacked shipping September 2, 1940, Roosevelt agreed to transfer to Great Britain fifty old destroyers In return, the British promised to hand over eight defensive bases U.S. stance was a flagrant violation of neutral obligations American majority determined to provide the British “all aid short of war” Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Shattering the Two-Term Tradition Presidential election of 1940 Republican convention swept off its feet by Wendell L. Willkie Roosevelt challenged the two-term tradition Opposed New Deal extravagances/inefficiencies So grave a crisis, he owed his experienced hand Willkie was against “dictatorship”; third term Roosevelt triumphed, although Willkie ran a strong race Democratic Congress remained the same Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law 1941: Lend-Lease Bill It would provide a limitless supply of arms Intent was to keep the war on their side of the Atlantic U.S. sent about $50 billion worth of arms and equipment The bill marked the abandonment of any pretense of neutrality U.S. factories geared for war production Hitler recognized lend-lease as an unofficial declaration of war Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Main Flow of Lend-Lease Aid Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Charting a New World (Part 1) Two globe-shaking events The fall of France in 1940 Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 Hitler’s attack seemed a stroke of good fortune for the democratic world American strategy was aid to Moscow while it was still afloat – an ultimate total of $11 billion Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Charting a New World (Part 2) Atlantic Charter Outlined the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war’s end Laid the groundwork for advocacy of universal human rights Included key features of: Self-determination for all peoples Disarmament A “permanent system of general security” Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Charting a New World (Part 3) Hope of isolating America slipping away Lendlease shipments of arms to Britain sunk by German submarines July 1941: U.S. Navy escorted lend-lease shipments as far as Iceland Inevitable clashes with submarines ensued Roosevelt proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy November 1941: Merchant ships allowed to be legally armed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor (Part 1) Japan mired in the “China incident” Dependent on steel, scrap iron, oil, and aviation gasoline from the United States Such assistance was highly unpopular in America 1940: Washington imposed the first of its embargoes on Japan-bound supplies Mid-1941: Japanese assets were frozen and all shipments of gasoline ceased Japanese leaders were faced with two alternatives: capitulation or continued conquest; they chose the sword Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor (Part 2) Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941: Japanese bombers attacked without warning Three thousand casualties; many aircraft destroyed; the battleship fleet virtually wiped out The next day, Congress officially recognized that war had been “thrust” upon the United States Japan’s allies, Germany and Italy, also declared war on December 11, 1941; the challenge accepted by Congress; unofficial war was now official Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Battleship West Virginia The shocking Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, propelled the United States into World War II. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor (Part 3) America aroused and united Pearl Harbor was the last explosion in a long chain reaction Americans were confronted with a dilemma Desired above all to stay out of the conflict Did not want Britain knocked out of the war Rather than let democracy die and dictatorship rule, most citizens determined to support a policy that might lead to war; it did Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • CHAPTER THEME • Theme: In the early and mid-1930s, the United States attempted to isolate itself from foreign involvements and wars. But by the end of the decade, the spread of totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition. • CHAPTER SUMMARY • Roosevelt’s early foreign policies, such as wrecking the London economic conference and establishing the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America, were governed by concern for domestic recovery and reflected America’s desire for a less active role in the world. America virtually withdrew from all European affairs, and promised independence to the Philippines as an attempt to avoid Asian commitments. • Depression-spawned chaos in Europe and Asia strengthened the isolationist impulse, as Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts designed to prevent America from being drawn into foreign wars. The United States adhered to the policy for a time, despite the aggression of Italy, Germany, and Japan. But after the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Roosevelt began to provide some aid to the Allies. • After the fall of France, Roosevelt gave greater assistance to desperate Britain in the destroyersfor-bases deal and in lend-lease. Still-powerful isolationists protested these measures, but Wendell Willkie refrained from attacking Roosevelt’s foreign policy in the 1940 campaign. • Roosevelt and Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, and by the summer of 1941, the United States was fighting an undeclared naval war with Germany in the North Atlantic. After negotiations with Japan failed, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor plunged the United States into World War II.