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Geologic Volcanology Seismology History Mapping Igneous Petrology 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 A large crater, up to 50 km in diameter, that can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after and eruption is a _____. caldera Broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by nonexplosive eruptions of basaltic lava is a _____. Shield Volcano Large, sloping volcano built by violent eruptions of volcanic fragments and lava that accumulate in alternating layers is a _____. Composite Volcano Swift-moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption is a _____. Pyroclastic Flow Waves generated by an earthquake are called _____. Seismic Waves What is a small, steep-sided volcano called? Cinder Cone The instrument used to measure waves generated by an earthquake is a _____. Seismograph Fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a _____. Normal Fault The difference between p- and swaves is called ____. Lag Time The direction a fault makes when intersecting the land surface is called _____. Strike The remains or evidence of a once-living plant or animal is a _____. Fossil Second-longest time unit in the geologic time scale is an _____. Era A gap in the rock record caused by weathering and erosion is an _____. Unconformity Matching of rock outcrops of one geographic region to another is called _____. Correlation The principle that states that the processes, such as mountain building and erosion, that are occurring today have been occurring since Earth formed is called _____. Uniformitarianism What is a satellite-based navigation system that permits a user to pinpoint their exact location? Global Positioning System What is a line connecting points of equal elevation? Contour Line What are contour lines that show circular decreasing elevation (Hint: another name for depression contours)? Hachures What is the term that describes elevated land that separates one watershed from another? Divide What is the term that describes the land area drained by a river system? Watershed What rock type forms from the cooling and crystallization of magma? Igneous Rock What term is used to describe fine-grained rock that forms when molten rock cools quickly on Earth’s surface? Extrusive Rock What term is used to describe light-colored igneous rock that contains quartz and feldspars and have high silica contents? Felsic What are rock fragments, classified by size, that are thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption and fall to the ground? Tephra What rock texture is characterized by large, wellformed crystals surrounded by finer-grained crystals of that same mineral? Porphyritic