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Solar System Data Sheet (Source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov; http://solarviews.com) The Sun Diameter (miles) Surface Interior Temperature Temperature Rotation Composition Sunspots Prominences (length of Solar Flares “day”) 864,000 11,000o F 28,000,000o F Sunspot 27 Earth Days (equator) 36 Earth Days (poles) Hydrogen and Helium Prominence Cooler areas on the Sun (6,000o F). Can be as large as 50,000 mi. Hot gasses extending from surface. Violent explosions in the Sun’s atmosphere. Solar Flare 1 The Solar System Planet Rocky Distance Revolution Rotation Diameter Moons or Gas from (year) (day) Sun (Earth (Earth (millions days or hours or of mi) years) days) Rings Temperature Atmosphere (mi) Mercury Rocky 36 88 days 59 days 3,100 0 No -300o F. to 800 o F. Very, very thin Venus Rocky 67 225 days 243 Days 7,500 0 No 900 o F. CO2 Very thick Earth Rocky 93 365 days (1 year) 23 hrs 56 min 7,900 1 No -125o F. to 125o F. Nitrogen Oxygen Thick Mars Rocky 141 687 Days 24 hrs 40 min 4,300 2 No -125o F. to 32o F. CO2 Very thin Jupiter Gas Giant 484 12 years 9 hrs 50 min 88,500 63+ Yes faint -235o F. Hydrogen Helium Very Thick Saturn Gas Giant 886 29 years 9 hrs 40 min 65,000 63+ Yes -288o F. Hydrogen Helium Very Thick 2 The Solar System Planet Rocky Distance Revolution Rotation Diameter Moons or Gas from (year) (day) Sun (Earth (Earth (millions days or hours or of mi) years) days) Rings Temperature Atmosphere (mi) Uranus Gas Giant 1,800 84 years 17 hrs 34 min 31,000 27 Yes faint -360o F. Hydrogen Helium Methane Very Thick Neptune Gas Giant 2,800 165 years 15 hrs 10 min 30,000 13 Yes faint -360o F. Hydrogen Helium Methane Very Thick 3 Classifying the Planets Rocky Planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Gas Giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Classical Planets (seen without a telescope) – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn Modern Planets (seen with a telescope) – Uranus, Neptune Inferior Planets (having an orbit between Earth and the Sun) – Mercury, Venus Superior Planets (having an orbit farther from the Sun than Earth) – Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Giant Planets (larger than Earth) - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Small Planets (smaller than Earth) – Mercury, Venus, Mars Dwarf Planets Body Diameter Distance Rotation Revolution (miles) from Sun (Day) (Year) Moons Rings Temperature Atmosphere (millions of miles) Eris 1,500 3,500 (closest)** 12,700 (farthest) Unknown 557 Earth Years 1 No -406o F. None 1,400 2,700 (closest)** 4,600 (farthest) 6.4 Earth Days 248 Earth Years 3 No -380o F. Nitrogen, CO2, and Methane (Thin) (Icy) (plutoid*) Pluto (Icy/Rocky) (plutoid*) *Plutoid – a dwarf planet outside the orbit of Neptune. **Closest – closest approach to Sun; Farthest – farthest distance from Sun. 4 Dwarf Planets Body Diameter Distance Rotation Revolution (miles) from Sun (Day) (Year) Moons Rings Temperature Atmosphere (millions of miles) Haumea (howMAY-uh) (Icy/Rocky) (Eggshaped) 1,200 x 600 3,300 (closest)** 4,800 (farthest) 3 hrs 55 min 285 Earth Years 2 No -402o F. ? Between 800 – 1,200 3,500 (closest)** 5,000 (farthest) ? 310 Earth Years 0 No -406o F. Methane 590 280 9 hours 4.6 Earth Years 0 No -100o F. (Sun high overhead) None (plutoid)* MakeMake (Mah-Key) (Icy) (plutoid)* Ceres (Rocky) *Plutoid – a dwarf planet outside the orbit of Neptune. **Closest – closest approach to Sun; Farthest – farthest distance from Sun. 5 Asteroids Composition Locations Distance from (what they’re Sun (millions of made of) miles) Irregular rocky bodies Most found between orbits of Mars & Jupiter 167,000,000 to 418,000,000 Number Size Range Two Largest Over 150,000 330 mi to around 100 yards Vesta – 330 mi Pallas – 300 mi (Note – Asteroids cannot be seen without a telescope.) Meteoroids/Meteors/Meteorites Where They Come Size Range From Most come from the Asteroid Belt. Few come from particles left from comets when Earth crosses their path. Definition of a Definition of a Meteor Meteoroid Grain of sand to around 100 yards. Grain or rock that is travelling in space. Definition of a Meteorite Grain or rock that has entered the atmosphere (sometimes called “shooting” or “falling” star.) A meteor that is large enough to survive the trip through the atmosphere and hit the Earth’s surface. 6 Kuiper Belt Objects Composition Locations Distance from (what they’re Sun (millions of made of) miles) Icy bodies Outside Neptune’s orbit. 3,000,000,000 to 5,200,000,000 Number Size Range Two Largest Estimated at least 1,500 miles to 100 Eris – 1,500 miles 100,000 62 miles yards. Pluto – 1,400 miles or larger. (Note – Kuiper Belt Objects cannot be seen without a telescope.) Comets Composition (what Location of Comets they’re made of) Water ice, dry ice, ammonia ice, dirt, and rocks. Sometimes called “dirty snowballs” or “icy mudballs.” Distance from Sun Number Parts of a Comet (miles) Found in the Oort Cloud. (Oort Cloud named after Jan Oort who proposed its existence [hasn’t been confirmed].) From 5,000,000,000 (outside the orbit of Neptune) to 6,000,000,000,000 (one light year) Nucleus – The “dirty Over 1,000,000,000,000 snowball.” Coma – Dense cloud of vaporized ices and dirt that surrounds Nucleus. Tail – Gases and other particles blown off the comet by the Solar Wind (particles from the Sun). Always points away from the Sun. (Note – Some comets can be seen without a telescope; a telescope is needed to see most comets.) 7