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Turkey In the
century
Jamie Miller
History of the Anatolia
Ottoman Empire
LEADERS
Mehmet II
❖ Conquered Constantinople in
1453
❖ Ended Byzantine power
❖ Became Istanbul, one of the
most influential cities of 15th
century
Suleiman the
Magnificent
❖Height of empire
❖Expanded
throughout Europe
Ottoman Empire Continued…
❖ Multireligious→ Devshirme
Required Christian boys to become slaves to Sultan
❖ Learned Turkish, converted to Islam → loyal
❖ Served as bureaucrats
❖ Janissaries
❖ elite military unit
❖ Loyal to sultan(can’t have kids, get married etc.)
❖ Use of firearms
Ottoman Decline
“Sick Man of Europe”
Economic
❖ Wars depleted
treasury (ex: GrecoOttoman War of
1897, First Balkan
War 1912 etc.)
❖ Trade shifts to West
(maritime)
❖ Taxes rose→ Peasant
revolts
Political
❖Weak sultans
❖Devshirme declines because
graduates marry and own property
and have kids → not loyal to sultan
❖Power to Grand Vizier
❖Succession problems
❖Multiethnic → Nationalist
movements
World War
I
Young Turks
❖ Student Led Revolution 1908
❖ Ottoman territory of Macedonia
❖ Committee of Union and
Progress(CUP)
❖ July rebellion- reforms to modernize
while protect against foreigners and
internal separatists
❖ Lead to an increase in civil liberties,
decrease censorship, foreign sports,
womens’ organizations etc.
❖Coup d’état 1913
Why?
❖Did not want to lose
any more land (lost in
wars)
❖The weakened
Ottomans were open
to the possibility of
Russian expansion
World War I
❖ (1914-1918)
❖ Axis Powers
❖ High Ottoman death rate
❖ Internal Armenian genocide (1915- 1918) →Eastern
Orthodox were massacred
❖ Lost territory
❖ Allied forces closing in on capital Istanbul
❖ October 1918- Armistice of Mudros: Ottoman land put
in Allied control(ports, territory, railways, etc.)
Sykes-Picot Agreement
❖ 1916
❖ Secret agreement between Britain and France
❖ Later revealed by Russia
❖ Plan to divide up Arab portions of the
Ottoman Empire into British or French
control
A to France, B to Britain
Treaty of Sèvres
❖ 1920
❖ Peace treaty with Allies
❖ Called for an autonomous Armenia and Kurdistan
❖ Split empire up in to mandates
❖ France- Lebanon, Syria, Zone in eastern Anatolia
❖ Britain- Trans-Jordan, Iraq
❖ Italy- control of southern Anatolia
Mandate Map
National Resistance
❖ Why did it grow?
Ottomans hated the imperial powers that were in
control of region and wanted to regain control.
❖ Societies for the Defense of National Rights
❖ Lead by Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal
❖ Hero in Dardanelles 1915
❖ Commander during WWI
❖ Member of CUP
❖ Participated in Young Turk Revolution
❖ Organized resistance groups against Allies
❖ Became Atatürk= “father of the Turks”
Istanbul → Ankara
1. Nationalists occupied Istanbul
2. March 1920 British occupied Istanbul
3. Kemal invited members of parliament to Ankara
Ankara became base of Nationalist movement
Independence War
❖ 1920-1922
❖ Greek troop sent to enforce treaty→ war
❖ Britain support Greece
❖ Nationalists vs. Armenians in East
❖ Nationalist vs. Greek in West
❖ Civil War between Istanbul loyalists and Ankara nationalists
❖ Ended in Greek defeat and new country of Turkey
British P.O.V.
❖ British-”’[The Greeks] represent Christian civilization against Turkish
barbarism. The Greeks are perfect navigators and will become a great
maritime power. They thus will be able to guarantee our Commonwealth
interests across the region.”’ -British Prime Minister Lloyd George 1919
❖ The British were supporting the Greece for their own economic interests
which is why they were the only Allied power to get involved.
❖ They viewed the Turkish as “barbarians” which coincides with the British
concept of Social Darwinism. They believed they were fitter and and
therefore had a right to intervene.
❖ Because the Turkish are Muslims and the Greeks are Christians, the British
see the Turkish as inferior because they themselves are Christian.
Treaty of Lausanne
•
1923
•
Most important event- established republic of Turkey
•
Capital in Nationalist Ankara
•
Abolished sultanate
•
Allies withdrew troops
•
Established borders, returned territory lost in Treaty of Serves
•
Mass Population exchange based on religion (Greek Muslims→
Turkey, Turkish Orthodox Christians to Greece)
Why was the Treaty of
Lausanne important?
❖ Created the republic of Turkey
❖ Ottoman empire around since 13th century
❖ Anatolia less diverse(especially compared to the
diversity of the Ottoman empire)
❖ Established modern borders
❖ Formed the modern capital of Ankara
Signing of Lausanne Peace
Treaty
New Turkish Borders
Mustafa Kemal P.O.V.
‘“This treaty, is a document declaring that all efforts, prepared
over centuries, and thought to have been accomplished through
the Sèvres Treaty to crush the Turkish nation have been in
vain. It is a diplomatic victory unheard of in the Ottoman
history!”’- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1927
❖ Mustafa Kemal, as a resistance fighter to the allied mandate
system, would not have liked the Sèvres Treaty because it
split up the Turkish region.
❖ However, he would have liked the Treaty of Lausanne
because it creates a new nation, where he is president.
Therefore, he gains power and has the ability to accomplish
his goals.
Turkish Republic
❖ New Constitution established
❖ New legal system based on Europe(Switzerland, Italy,
Germany)
❖ Secular
❖ President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
❖ Tried to move away from Ottoman Customs and
westernize
❖ Foreign Neutrality
Atatürk Reforms
❖ Turkish language based on Latin
❖ European style numbers
❖ European clock
❖ International Calendar
❖ Weekly holiday Friday → Sunday
❖ Nationalized major industries
❖ Religion under state control
Cons of New Gov’t
❖ Authoritative One Party(CHP)
❖ Censorship
❖ Oppression of Kurds
❖ High death sentences
Cold War
❖ Government tried to stay neutral
❖ Soviet-Turkish Relations declined after WWII
❖ Turkish Strait Crisis lead to Turkey allying
with Britain and U.S.
Contribution to Cold
War
❖ Military support
❖ Korean War
❖ American nuclear missiles set up in
Turkey aimed at USSR -> which partially
led to Cuban Missile Crisis
❖ NATO member
Truman Doctrine
❖ 1947
❖ British withdrew aid from Turkey and Greece
❖ USA military and economic aid to Greece and
Turkey
❖ Containment
❖ Domino Theory
Waiting for the Next Move
U.S. P.O.V.
“If Greece should fall under the control of an armed
minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey,
would be immediate and serious. Confusion and
disorder might well spread throughout the entire
Middle East.” –Truman 1947 Speech to Congress
❖ US wanted Turkey to join NATO to insure that
it would not become communist.
❖ Containment and Domino Theories
Truman’s Speech
NATO Treaty
Invasion of Cyprus
❖ 1974
❖ Historical Greek-Turkish rivalry
❖ Turkey and Greece both in NATO
❖ Turkey invades the North
❖ Declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
❖ U.S. arms embargo on Turkey
❖ Today, Turkey consider Cyprus part of the country but other
countries consider it part of the Republic of Cyprus
Outcome of Invasion / Cold
War
❖ Further hurt Greek-Turkish relations
❖ Developed Turkish army
❖ Turkey stayed in NATO
❖ Abandoned Policy of Neutrality
Globalization(Political)
UN
❖ General Assembly member
❖ Home of UN Population Fund
❖ Hosts UN International Center for Private Sector in
Development.
❖ Part of UN 10 peacekeeping operations
❖ Member of Security Council in 1951-1952, 1954-1855
Globalization
Member of…
❖ OECD
❖ OIC
❖ NATO
❖ OSCE
Ankara Agreement 1963 made with EU which sets up plan
for Turkish membership in EU
Globalization(Westernization)
In forming Turkey, Mustafa Kemal westernized the country.
❖ Legal system based on Europe
❖ International Clock
❖ European Calendar
❖ Holy Day of Christians, not Muslims
❖ Government Employees wore European-style hats
❖ European-style numbers
Globalization (Sports)
Participates in…
❖ FIFA World Cup
❖ Olympics, both Summer and Winter
Progress…
Status of Women
“Everything we see in the world is the creative work of women.” –Atatürk
❖
Women in the Ottoman
❖
Segregation of women
❖
Harem
❖
Veiled
❖
Women under Atatürk:
❖
Right to vote
❖
Run for office
❖
Banned veiling and headscarves
Progress…
Education
❖ Turkish Constitution
❖ Primary education is required
❖ State schools are free
❖ Sets principles for Turkish education(equality, right to
education etc.)
❖ High Literacy Rate
Progress…
Armed Forces
• “Sick Man in Europe” to one of the strongest
militaries
• Turkish Armed Forces
• Navy and Air Forces
Progress…
Economic
❖ Free-market economy
❖ High economic growth rate
❖ Driven by industry and service sectors
❖ Crushed economy after WW1→ thriving market
economy
Economic Progress
Progress…
Political Status
1. Weak empire
2. Under Foreign Mandates
3. Became an independent country in 1923