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Sexuality During Childhood and Adolescence Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Why is there limited research on childhood sexuality? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. True or False • Most young children who masturbate are sexually abused? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Behavior During Infancy and Childhood • Infant sexuality – Capacity for sexual response present at birth – Sexual behavior is a normal part of development • Infants engage in self-pleasuring activity – Unable to differentiate sexual from sensual pleasure Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Why is it important to talk to your child when they are masturbating? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Behavior During Infancy and Childhood (cont’d.) • Childhood sexuality – Limited research – Common behaviors at varying ages • • • • • Two-three years: masturbation begins Four-seven years: sex play begins Five-seven years: marriage script enactment begins Eight-nine years: girls and boys play separately Ten-eleven years: interest in bodily changes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Hormones and Sexual Behavior Puberty: Onset, eight to 14 years old; two years earlier in girls Testosterone: main male sex hormone Estrogens: main female sex hormones Sex hormones are important at several stages: During prenatal period, they direct development as males or females During puberty, a surge in sex hormones ushers us into adolescence As adults, sex hormones help activate sexual behavior Physical Changes in Adolescence (cont’d.) • Primary sex characteristics of girls – Thicker vaginal walls and larger uterus – Vaginal secretions – Menarche: average age 12 or 13 • Primary sex characteristics of boys – Larger prostate and seminal vesicles – First ejaculation around 13 • Physical changes can be sources of pride or concern Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Behavior During Adolescence • The sexual double standard – Different standards of sexual permissiveness for women and men • More restrictive standards applied to women – Girls sexuality focus: relationship • Dilemma to appear sexy but not “easy” – Boys sexuality focus: conquest • Peers reinforce aggressive and independent behaviors Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Masturbation • Increase in frequency during adolescence – More common than partnered sexual activity • Can serve as an important avenue for sexual expression – An always available outlet – A way to learn about one’s body and increase selfknowledge Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Non-Coital Sexual Expression • Kissing, holding, touching, manual, and oral stimulation of genitals – Oral-genital stimulation has increased among teenagers • Many consider oral sex more acceptable – a way to experience sexual intimacy and maintain virginity • Most are unaware of potential risks associated with oral sex Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What are the implications of using the term virginity to mean not engaging in coitus? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Ongoing Sexual Relationships • More common at this age than in past – Contemporary adolescents are most likely to be sexually intimate with someone they love or to whom they feel emotionally attached • Narrowing gender gap – Girls less likely to “save themselves” for marriage – Boys more likely to want an affectionate relationship Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Sexting • Sending sexually suggestive photos or text messages via the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices – Increasing among adolescents – Some states have sought to define sexting as a criminal offense – Sometimes involves images or messages sent between an adult and a minor Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Intercourse • Premarital sex – Penile–vaginal intercourse that takes place before marriage • Adolescent coitus – Upward trend has leveled off and somewhat decreased – Age of first coitus has also decreased Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Intercourse (cont’d.) • Reasons for engaging in adolescence coitus – Acceleration of sex hormones – Increased desire and arousability – Curiosity and sense of readiness – Affection for partner – Push to adult behavior – Peer and date pressure Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Intercourse (cont’d.) • Early coitus: predisposing factors – Poverty or family conflict – Parental lack of education, supervision, or substance abuse • Late coitus: predisposing factors – Strong religious beliefs – Good school performance – Higher socioeconomic status – High quality parent-child relationship and communication Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Homosexuality • Experimental or transitory same-sex sexual contact between peers is common – Some individuals begin to self-identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual in teen years • Often encounter negative societal reactions • Process of reconciling their sexuality with the expectations can be a difficult • Many lesbian and gay adolescents are unable to talk openly with their parents Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Effect of AIDS on Teenage Sexual Behavior • “Personal fable” – Most teens do not think they are at risk • Adolescent belief in invulnerability – Condoms viewed more as birth control than as protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) • Inconvenient • Some believe they are already adequately protected from an unwanted pregnancy Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Pregnancy • Adolescent birthrates in the U.S. have declined – Still an alarmingly high rate • Negative consequences of teenage pregnancy – More likely to have physical complications – Higher prenatal and infant mortality rates – Especially high risk for STIs – Impact on finances and education – Lower parenting quality Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Pregnancy (cont’d.) • Use of contraceptives – Inconsistency and/or incorrect usage • • • • • • • Lack of adequate knowledge Misconceptions about contraceptive risks Confidentiality concerns Fear of pelvic exam Embarrassment Infrequent intercourse Difficulty communicating with partner Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What are some strategies to reduce teenage pregnancy? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Pregnancy (cont’d.) • Strategies to reduce teen pregnancy – Free, confidential contraceptive services – Compulsory national sex education curriculum – Focus on shared responsibility for birth control – Readily available condoms in middle schools and high schools – Increased adolescent–parent communication about sex Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sex Education • Answering children’s questions about sex – Start early, ongoing discussion – Share true feelings – Ask open-ended questions • Initiating conversations when children do not ask questions – Child may not consider some aspects until they experiences them (e.g., menstruation) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.