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http://quietube.com/v.php/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2AfQ5pa59A Ch. 12 - The 2nd War for Independence & the Upsurge of Nationalism War of 1812 On to Canada over Land & Lakes British: • Energy & vitality • Early victory at Fort Michilmackinac • Brilliant defensive campaign • Rebuffed U.S. advances in Canada several times in 1813 America: • Army ill-trained & scattered • Canada important battleground • Poor 3 pronged offensive strategy – Detroit, Champlain, & Niagara – All beaten back • But more success on the water… On to Canada over Land & Lakes • American craft – More skill – Better gunners – Angry at impressment – Frigates—thicker sides& heavier firepower • I.E. The Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) On to Canada over Land & Lakes • Control of Great Lakes-vital – Oliver Hazard Perry victory • Lake Erie • Infused new life into U.S. cause – Battle of the Thames– Oct. 1813 • British fleeing from Lake Erie battle • Defeated by General Harrison On to Canada over Land & Lakes • Late 1814 – U.S. defending own land – Napoleon defeated—British no longer distracted • British try to take New York – Through river/lake route – Thomas Macdonough — challenges bigger British fleet – Victory forces British retreat & saves N.Y. Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended "Will you believe it my sister, we have a battle or skirmish near the city. I am still within sounds of the cannons, Mr. Madison comes not. May God protect us. Two messengers come in and asked me to leave the capitol, I must stay here and wait for my husband." ~Dolly Madison Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended Washington Burns: • The 25th of August 1814, the British marched down Constitution Avenue bearing a flag of truce and demanded a surrender. • The flag of truce--fired upon from a house. • The British troops rushed into the house, put all who were in it to the sword & then reduced the house to ashes. • British then burn and destroy every building connected to the government. Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended Washington Burns continued: • While Washington burned, the President and his cabinet fled westward in to the hills of Virginia. • At the White House, Mrs. Madison was persuaded to leave. • British soldiers arrived at the President's house & found a dinner prepared for 40 people. • They first ate every bit of food and drank every bottle of wine, then destroyed the White House. Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended Fort McHenry & the Star Spangled Banner: • Francis Scott Key’s feelings are best described in his own words, from a speech he delivered years later at Frederick, Md., before a home-town audience: Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended “I saw the flag of my country waving over a city—the strength and pride of my native State—a city devoted to plunder and desolation by its assailants. I witnessed the preparation for its assaults, and I saw the array of its enemies as they advanced to the attack. I heard the sound of battle; the noise of the conflict fell upon my listening ear, and told me that ‘the brave and the free’ had met the invaders.” Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended In the same speech, he described how his tense emotions were suddenly released at the sight of the American flag still waving defiantly over the ramparts of Fort McHenry at dawn on September 14: “Through the clouds of the war the stars of that banner still shone in my view, and I saw the discomfited host of its assailants driven back in ignominy to their ships. Then, in that hour of deliverance and joyful triumph, my heart spoke; and ‘Does not such a country and such defenders of their country deserve a song?’ was its question. With it came an inspiration not to be resisted...” Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended • Andrew Jackson (Battle of Horseshoe Bend) • Battle of New Orleans: – British superior in #, but… – Mistakenly attacked entrenched U.S. – Victory occurred 2 weeks after Treaty of Ghent – Brought wave of nationalism • British reaction--naval blockade – Hurt U.S. economy & bankrupt Treasury The Treaty of Ghent • Tsar Alexander I offered to mediate • Met in Ghent (in Belgium) in 1814 • U.S. diplomats included John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay • British made sweeping demands • Americans rejected • News of British loses—compromise • Signed Dec. 24, 1814 • “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost” Federalist Grievances & the Hartford Convention • Defiant New England – Worsened by Blockade – Extremists “Blue Light” Federalists • Hartford Convention--1814 – Minority—succession – Majority—address grievances • Financial assistance, Amendment for embargoes, abolish 3/5 Clause • Single term presidents, no successive presidents from same state – Arrived in D.C. same time as news of New Orleans & Ghent • Envoys “slunk away in disgrace and into obscurity” The 2nd War for American Independence • War globally unimportant; huge consequence in U.S. – New respect for U.S. forces & diplomats – Sectionalism—(temporarily) discredited – Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison • War heroes & future presidents – Indian cede more land in treaties – Manufacturing prospered – Rush-Bagot agreement 1817 • Reduce naval arms in Great Lakes • Leads to longest unguarded border in world Nascent Nationalism • By-product of war—Nationalism • National literature – Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper • American scenes & themes – American textbooks • Art—American landscapes • Revived Bank of United Stated— 1816 • Army expanded • Navy—more glory w/victories – “sound beating” to Barbary pirates The American System • After war—British dumping manufactured goods • Tariff of 1816—sole purpose-protective tariff • American System—Henry Clay – Strong Banking system – Protective tariffs – Network of roads & canals • Better transportation needed in west (& why Canada battles lost) • Madison vetoes $1.5 million given to state for “internal improvements” —not Constitutional • Individuals states—own construction programs The So-Called Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe – Election of 1816 • Won 183 to 34 in Electoral College – VA Dynasty – Level headed & sober – Goodwill tour • Received well even in Federalist New England • “Era of Good feelings”--unity – Misnomer—sectionalism, etc. brewing The Panic of 1819 & the Curse of Hard Times • Panic of 1819 – 1st panic since Washington – Over-speculation of frontier lands – “Wildcat” western banks • Bank of United States forces them to foreclose on farms – Bank of U.S. “financial devil” to west – Poor classes—most severe • Seeds of future Jacksonian Democracy • Leads to remedial legislation for treatment of debtors Growing Pains of the West • 1791-1819—9 new frontier states— Free or Slave? – Westward movement – Cheap land appealed to European immigrants – Land exhaustion in South – Economic distress, i.e. embargo – Building of highways, i.e. Cumberland Road – Steamboat • Land Act of1820 – 80 acres for $1.25 an acre • West needs: cheap money & transportation Slavery & the Sectional Balance • Missouri applies for statehood—1819 • Tallmadge amendment – No more slaves brought in – Gradual emancipation of next generation of slaves – Southerners defeat law in the Senate – Worried—dangerous precedent towards abolition? • Sectional Congress – North more populous—majority in House – Equal representation in Senate (11 slave/free each) • Slavery issue increases as a moral question The Uneasy Missouri Compromise • 1820—Proposed by Henry Clay: – Missouri (slave) – Maine (free) (kept even Senate) – No slavery north of the line 36º 30—except Missouri • Neither North or South pleased – Postponed sectional conflict • James Monroe—election of 1820 – Popularity overshadowed unpopular compromise – Received all E.V. but 1 (only G.W. unanimous) John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • John Marshall—lasting impact – Supreme Court Chief Justice – Ardent nationalist (Federalist party) – Loose Construction • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland tries to tax Bank of U.S. (to destroy it) – Outcome: • Bank is Constitutional: “Implied powers” • States cannot tax federal institutions – “The power to tax is the power to destroy” John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – Cohens found guilty in VA courts for illegally selling lottery tickets – Established the right of the S.C. to review state court decisions John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – New York tried to grant a monopoly of water travel between NJ to a private company – Constitution gives sole power of regulating interstate commerce to Federal Government John Marshall and Democratic Excesses • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – Yazoo land fraud—GA congress canceled the crooked transaction – S.C. ruled that Constitution forbids state laws “impairing contracts” – Invalidated a state law that violates the constitution John Marshall and Democratic Excesses • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – New Hampshire tried to change charter of college established by King George III – S.C. ruled that states cannot encroach on contracts • Daniel Webster – Federalist Senator who frequently argued in front of S.C. – Same views as John Marshall Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida • Treaty of 1818 w/Britain – John Quincy Adams – Fixed northern limits of LA • 49th parallel – 10 year joint occupation of OR Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida • West Florida – Andrew Jackson—exceeded instructions – Pretext—Seminole Indian & escaped slaves attacks – In process seized 2 Spanish Forts – Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 or Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain yielded Florida • U.S. gave up claims to Texas The Menace of Monarch in America • After Napoleon—restored monarchs – Keep world “safe from democracy” – U.S. Concerns—Spanish America & Russia (extending it’s boundaries) • Great Britain—want to keep ports w/new republics in Latin America • George Canning—British Foreign Secretary – Wants U.S. & Britain to issue joint statement against Europe in S. America Monroe & His Doctrine • Americans issue independent statement • Monroe Doctrine (1823): – European powers • Noncolonization • Nonintervention – Era of colonization & intervention had ended in this hemisphere Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised • European monarchs—angered • U.S.: – Self protection & nationalism – Too weak to enforce w/o backing of British Navy – Latin Americans—few knew of it – Illusion of isolationism – Wasn’t revived until Pres. Polk • Russo-American Treaty of 1824 – 54º 40’—limits of Russian territory