Download Ch. 12 Notes - Mrs. Belinda Sauceda

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Ch. 12 - The 2nd War for
Independence & the
Upsurge of Nationalism
War of 1812
On to Canada over Land & Lakes
British:
• Energy & vitality
• Early victory at Fort
Michilmackinac
• Brilliant defensive campaign
• Rebuffed U.S. advances in
Canada several times in 1813
America:
• Army ill-trained & scattered
• Canada important
battleground
• Poor 3 pronged offensive
strategy
– Detroit, Champlain, & Niagara
– All beaten back
• But more success on the
water…
On to Canada over Land & Lakes
• American craft
– More skill
– Better gunners
– Angry at
impressment
– Frigates—thicker
sides& heavier
firepower
• I.E. The Constitution
(“Old Ironsides”)
On to Canada over Land & Lakes
• Control of Great Lakes-vital
– Oliver Hazard Perry
victory
• Lake Erie
• Infused new life into U.S.
cause
– Battle of the Thames–
Oct. 1813
• British fleeing from Lake
Erie battle
• Defeated by General
Harrison
On to Canada over Land & Lakes
• Late 1814
– U.S. defending own land
– Napoleon defeated—British
no longer distracted
• British try to take New
York
– Through river/lake route
– Thomas Macdonough —
challenges bigger British
fleet
– Victory forces British
retreat & saves N.Y.
Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended
"Will you believe it my
sister, we have a battle or
skirmish near the city. I am
still within sounds of the
cannons, Mr. Madison
comes not. May God
protect us. Two messengers
come in and asked me to
leave the capitol, I must
stay here and wait for my
husband."
~Dolly Madison
Washington Burns & New Orleans Defended
Washington Burns:
• The 25th of August 1814, the British marched
down Constitution Avenue bearing a flag of
truce and demanded a surrender.
• The flag of truce--fired upon from a house.
• The British troops rushed into the house, put all
who were in it to the sword & then reduced the
house to ashes.
• British then burn and destroy every building
connected to the government.
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
Washington Burns continued:
• While Washington burned, the President and his
cabinet fled westward in to the hills of Virginia.
• At the White House, Mrs. Madison was persuaded
to leave.
• British soldiers arrived at the President's house &
found a dinner prepared for 40 people.
• They first ate every bit of food and drank every
bottle of wine, then destroyed the White House.
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
Fort McHenry & the Star Spangled Banner:
• Francis Scott Key’s feelings are best
described in his own words, from a speech he
delivered years later at Frederick, Md.,
before a home-town audience:
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
“I saw the flag of my country waving over a
city—the strength and pride of my native
State—a city devoted to plunder and
desolation by its assailants. I witnessed the
preparation for its assaults, and I saw the
array of its enemies as they advanced to the
attack. I heard the sound of battle; the noise
of the conflict fell upon my listening ear, and
told me that ‘the brave and the free’ had met
the invaders.”
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
In the same speech, he described how his tense
emotions were suddenly released at the sight of the
American flag still waving defiantly over the ramparts
of Fort McHenry at dawn on September 14:
“Through the clouds of the war the stars of that banner still
shone in my view, and I saw the discomfited host of its
assailants driven back in ignominy to their ships. Then,
in that hour of deliverance and joyful triumph, my
heart spoke; and ‘Does not such a country and such
defenders of their country deserve a song?’ was its
question. With it came an inspiration not to be
resisted...”
Washington Burns & New Orleans
Defended
• Andrew Jackson (Battle of
Horseshoe Bend)
• Battle of New Orleans:
– British superior in #, but…
– Mistakenly attacked entrenched U.S.
– Victory occurred 2 weeks after
Treaty of Ghent
– Brought wave of nationalism
• British reaction--naval blockade
– Hurt U.S. economy & bankrupt
Treasury
The Treaty of Ghent
• Tsar Alexander I offered to mediate
• Met in Ghent (in Belgium) in 1814
• U.S. diplomats included John Quincy
Adams & Henry Clay
• British made sweeping demands
• Americans rejected
• News of British loses—compromise
• Signed Dec. 24, 1814
• “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or
Lost”
Federalist Grievances & the Hartford Convention
• Defiant New England
– Worsened by Blockade
– Extremists “Blue Light” Federalists
• Hartford Convention--1814
– Minority—succession
– Majority—address grievances
• Financial assistance, Amendment for
embargoes, abolish 3/5 Clause
• Single term presidents, no successive
presidents from same state
– Arrived in D.C. same time as news of
New Orleans & Ghent
• Envoys “slunk away in disgrace and into
obscurity”
The 2nd War for American Independence
• War globally unimportant; huge
consequence in U.S.
– New respect for U.S. forces &
diplomats
– Sectionalism—(temporarily) discredited
– Andrew Jackson & William Henry
Harrison
• War heroes & future presidents
– Indian cede more land in treaties
– Manufacturing prospered
– Rush-Bagot agreement 1817
• Reduce naval arms in Great Lakes
• Leads to longest unguarded border in world
Nascent Nationalism
• By-product of war—Nationalism
• National literature
– Washington Irving, James Fennimore
Cooper
• American scenes & themes
– American textbooks
• Art—American landscapes
• Revived Bank of United Stated—
1816
• Army expanded
• Navy—more glory w/victories
– “sound beating” to Barbary pirates
The American System
• After war—British dumping
manufactured goods
• Tariff of 1816—sole purpose-protective tariff
• American System—Henry Clay
– Strong Banking system
– Protective tariffs
– Network of roads & canals
• Better transportation needed in west (&
why Canada battles lost)
• Madison vetoes $1.5 million given to state
for “internal improvements” —not
Constitutional
• Individuals states—own construction
programs
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe
– Election of 1816
• Won 183 to 34 in Electoral College
– VA Dynasty
– Level headed & sober
– Goodwill tour
• Received well even in Federalist New
England
• “Era of Good feelings”--unity
– Misnomer—sectionalism, etc. brewing
The Panic of 1819 & the Curse of Hard
Times
• Panic of 1819
– 1st panic since Washington
– Over-speculation of frontier
lands
– “Wildcat” western banks
• Bank of United States forces them to
foreclose on farms
– Bank of U.S. “financial devil” to west
– Poor classes—most severe
• Seeds of future Jacksonian
Democracy
• Leads to remedial legislation for
treatment of debtors
Growing Pains of the West
• 1791-1819—9 new frontier states—
Free or Slave?
– Westward movement
– Cheap land appealed to European
immigrants
– Land exhaustion in South
– Economic distress, i.e. embargo
– Building of highways, i.e. Cumberland
Road
– Steamboat
• Land Act of1820
– 80 acres for $1.25 an acre
• West needs: cheap money &
transportation
Slavery & the Sectional Balance
• Missouri applies for statehood—1819
• Tallmadge amendment
– No more slaves brought in
– Gradual emancipation of next generation
of slaves
– Southerners defeat law in the Senate
– Worried—dangerous precedent towards
abolition?
• Sectional Congress
– North more populous—majority in House
– Equal representation in Senate (11
slave/free each)
• Slavery issue increases as a moral
question
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
• 1820—Proposed by Henry
Clay:
– Missouri (slave)
– Maine (free) (kept even Senate)
– No slavery north of the line 36º
30—except Missouri
• Neither North or South pleased
– Postponed sectional conflict
• James Monroe—election of
1820
– Popularity overshadowed
unpopular compromise
– Received all E.V. but 1 (only
G.W. unanimous)
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
• John Marshall—lasting
impact
– Supreme Court Chief Justice
– Ardent nationalist
(Federalist party)
– Loose Construction
• McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
– Maryland tries to tax Bank
of U.S. (to destroy it)
– Outcome:
• Bank is Constitutional:
“Implied powers”
• States cannot tax federal
institutions
– “The power to tax is the power
to destroy”
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
• Cohens v. Virginia
(1821)
– Cohens found guilty in VA
courts for illegally selling
lottery tickets
– Established the right of the
S.C. to review state court
decisions
John Marshall
and Judicial Nationalism
• Gibbons v. Ogden
(1824)
– New York tried to grant
a monopoly of water
travel between NJ to a
private company
– Constitution gives sole
power of regulating
interstate commerce to
Federal Government
John Marshall and Democratic Excesses
• Fletcher v. Peck
(1810)
– Yazoo land fraud—GA
congress canceled the
crooked transaction
– S.C. ruled that
Constitution forbids
state laws “impairing
contracts”
– Invalidated a state law
that violates the
constitution
John Marshall and Democratic Excesses
• Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (1819)
– New Hampshire tried to change
charter of college established by
King George III
– S.C. ruled that states cannot
encroach on contracts
• Daniel Webster
– Federalist Senator who frequently
argued in front of S.C.
– Same views as John Marshall
Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida
• Treaty of 1818
w/Britain
– John Quincy
Adams
– Fixed northern
limits of LA
• 49th parallel
– 10 year joint
occupation of OR
Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida
• West Florida
– Andrew Jackson—exceeded
instructions
– Pretext—Seminole Indian &
escaped slaves attacks
– In process seized 2 Spanish
Forts
– Florida Purchase Treaty of
1819 or Adams-Onis Treaty
• Spain yielded Florida
• U.S. gave up claims to Texas
The Menace of Monarch in America
• After Napoleon—restored
monarchs
– Keep world “safe from
democracy”
– U.S. Concerns—Spanish
America & Russia (extending
it’s boundaries)
• Great Britain—want to keep
ports w/new republics in
Latin America
• George Canning—British
Foreign Secretary
– Wants U.S. & Britain to
issue joint statement against
Europe in S. America
Monroe & His Doctrine
• Americans issue
independent statement
• Monroe Doctrine (1823):
– European powers
• Noncolonization
• Nonintervention
– Era of colonization &
intervention had ended in
this hemisphere
Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised
• European monarchs—angered
• U.S.:
– Self protection & nationalism
– Too weak to enforce w/o
backing of British Navy
– Latin Americans—few knew of
it
– Illusion of isolationism
– Wasn’t revived until Pres.
Polk
• Russo-American Treaty of
1824
– 54º 40’—limits of Russian
territory