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Introduction Forms of knowledge Knowledge management transfer modes The difficult of inter-organizational knowledge transfer Knowledge transfer and communication processes Implications for electronic communication Conclusions Question 2 knowledge-based economy a) The acceleration in thedirectly rate of learning more strongly and more rooted and in the change production, distribution and use of knowledge b) New organizational structures than ever beforeknowledge intensity of goods and c) The growing services management (KM) knowledge d) The strengthening of intellectual capital , the technology A new managerial discipline fusion, and the information technology revolution Improve the processes by which knowledge is generated, communicated and used by firms Intra-organizational issues 3 It is practically impossible for a single firm to internally create all the knowledge required. Internal and external knowledge can be combined. The increased importance of external knowledge sources is stimulating the development of network organizations. 4 Data may be seen as a set of discrete, objective facts about events, that may or may not be pertinent or useful for a particular task. Information is data whose form, content, and time of transmission/reception are appropriate for a particular use. information can be described as the ‘contents’ of a message that can influence the judgement and behaviour of the receiver. Knowledge is the combination of information with the individual’s ideas, procedures, and perceptions, that guide action and decision. 5 knowledge can take different forms explicit tacit objective knowledge subjective knowledge Comes from a It is quite impossible to rationalization of the codify. information about facts, It can only be observed and can be codified in the through application and form of formulas, designs, acquired through practice reports and so on. and experience, and is It is therefore relatively consequently difficult to easy to obtain, transfer, transfer. and store. 6 1. from tacit to tacit knowledge: the process of sharing experience and thereby creating and exchanging tacit knowledge. 2. from tacit to explicit knowledge: the process of rationalizing tacit knowledge and articulating it into explicit concepts and formal models. 7 3. from explicit to tacit knowledge; the process by which explicit knowledge is converted into specific know-how . 4. from explicit to explicit knowledge; the process of systemizing and converting a system of formalized concepts into another one . 8 Clearly, the relative difficulty of transferring knowledge depends on the kind of knowledge which is exchanged, and this is especially challenging in case of tacit knowledge. They may work in different environments, speak different languages, have different mental models, different beliefs, and so on. 9 10 11 The implementation of ElCom systems for tacit communication is associated with two major aspects. a) highly automated communication systems can’t be used b) in tacit communication individuals or organizations share the same interpretative context 12 The development and use of ElCom systems for tacit communication depends on the elements: a) the availability of a range of tools, applications, and technologies for carrying a large variety of different contents. b) since the complete automation of communication is not a realistic purpose, the development of tools for facilitating a few specific tasks or sub-tasks, despite restricted in scope, can be much more useful. c) although when based on the use of some standard components, but it is necessary to customize the specific application in accordance to the particular needs of the interconnecting subjects. 13 a) Prevailingly b) Explicitable 14