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Theories and
Physiology of Emotion
Module 29
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Emotion
Emotions are our body’s adaptive
response.
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Emotion
 Emotion
 a response of the whole
organism
 physiological arousal
 expressive behaviors
 conscious experience
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Does your heart
pound because
you are afraid...
or are you afraid
because you feel
your heart
pounding?
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Plutchik’s Basic Emotions
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Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal
precede or follow your
emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking)
precede emotion (feeling)?
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Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart
starts beating faster. First comes
conscious awareness, then comes
physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
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James-Lange Theory
James-Lange Theory
proposes that
physiological
activity precedes the
emotional
experience.
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Brain in a jar?
• “Without the bodily states following
on the perception, the latter would
be purely cognitive in form; pale,
colorless, destitute of emotional
warmth. We might then see the
bear, and judge it best to run... But
we should not actually feel afraid.”
(William James, 1890)
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place
simultaneously.
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Schachter and Singer’s TwoFactor Theory
Our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions.
Emotions have two
factors–physical
arousal and cognitive
label.
Two factory theory on the psych
files 24:17
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Figure 13.1 Theories of emotion
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Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve
bodily responses.
Some of these responses are very
noticeable (butterflies in our stomach
when fear arises), but others are more
difficult to discern (neurons activated
in the brain).
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Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic
nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that
arouses us.
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Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We
perform better under moderate arousal, but
optimal performance varies with task
difficulty.
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Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the
emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are
very similar.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.
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Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and
movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage,
and joy.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during
the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left
hemisphere (happy) is different from the right
(depressed) for emotions.
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Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we
think (cognition) and how we feel
(emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing
our thinking?
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Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into
our response to the next event.
Reuters/ Corbis
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which
may lead to rioting.
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Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage
subjects to drink more than when presented with an
angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a)
or through the cortex (b) for analysis.
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Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to
subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of
activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
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Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux emphasize that some emotions are
immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus,
Schachter, and Singer emphasize that appraisal also
determines emotions.
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
 Control Question
 Up to age 18, did you ever physically
harm anyone?
 Relevant Question
 Did [the deceased] threaten to harm
you in any way?
 Relevant > Control --> Lie
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control Relevant
question question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
Percentage
80
 50 Innocents
 50 Thieves
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
 1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
 1/4 of guilty
declared
innocent (from
Kleinmuntz &
Szucko, 1984)
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
 Is 70% accuracy good?
 Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty
 test all employees
 285 will be wrongly accused
 What about 95% accuracy?
 Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
 test all employees (including 999 innocents)
 50 wrongly declared guilty
 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)
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So…how good are you at lying?
• Using the first finger of your dominant
hand, simply draw a capital letter Q on
your forehead…
• Pay attention to how you drew it.
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• High self-monitors tend to draw the letter Q in a
way in which it could be seen by someone facing
them with the tail facing to the left.
• Low self-monitors tend to draw the letter Q in a
way in which it could be read by themselves with
the tail facing to the right.
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• So….
High self-monitors
• Tend to be concerned with how
other people see them.
• They are happy being the
center of attention, can easily
adapt their behavior to suit the
situation in which they find
themselves, and are skilled at
manipulating how others see
them.
• As a result, they tend to be
good at lying.
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Low self-monitors
• Come across as being the
"same person" in different
situations.
• Their behavior is guided
more by their inner feelings
and values, and they are
less aware of their impact
on those around them.
• They also tend to lie less in
life, and therefore are not as
skilled at deceit as high selfmonitors.
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Did you lie about the Q?
• Dr. Wiseman… Over time, I have noticed that a
small number of people, upon hearing what the
test is all about, quickly convince themselves
that they traced the letter Q in the opposite
direction to the way they actually drew it. These
people are able to ignore the evidence right in
front of them; they twist the facts to fit the type of
person they want to be. As a result, the test
provides a rough indicator of how good you are
at deceiving both yourself and others.
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I bet you think you are good at
detecting lies…
•
•
•
•
So how good are you at detecting lies?
According to Ekman…
“…no better than chance.”
That means you are WRONG as often as
you are right,….about half the time.
• Consider this when conducting your
relationships…
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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Opponent Process Theory
• Opponent process theory suggests that
any given emotion also has an opposed
emotion. (Fear/Relief or
Sadness/Happiness)
• Activation of one member of the pair
automatically suppresses the opposite
emotion
• But the opposing emotion can serve to
diminish the intensity of the initial emotion.
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Opponent-Process Theory
• Solomon and Corbit (1974)
– The opponent-process theory states that
when one emotion is experienced, the other is
suppressed. For example, if you are
frightened by a mean dog, the emotion of fear
is expressed and relief is suppressed. If the
fear-causing stimulus continues to be present,
after a while the fear decreases and the relief
intensifies.
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Opponent Process Theory
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Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
• Sequence
– Stimulus (object, event, or thought)
– Appraisal of how this affects your well-being
(consciously or unconsciously)
– Emotion (fear, anger, happiness, …)
– Physiological responses and behavior
• For an emotion to occur, it is necessary to
first think about the situation.
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