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By taking the first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle and adding 280 days, you can calculate when baby is due to be born. As the mother nears full term, several things happen: • Baby loses the lanugo covering • Lightening: Baby drops (much vernix remains) down several inches in the • Average size of 20 inches in length and 7 pounds. • Eye color is slate-blue or black, and will not be fixed until after exposure to light for some time. abdomen. • Engaged Head: Pressed firmly against the cervix. The birth is close at hand. This is the correct term for the process of childbirth…the emergence of a child from its mother’s uterus. It starts with a signal from the pituitary gland. The hormone oxytocin is secreted into the bloodstream of the mother, and the process begins. (pitocin and syntocinon are common synthetic forms of this hormone, used to induce labor) There are 3 stages of childbirth: 1.LABOR 2.BIRTH OF THE BABY 3.BIRTH OF THE PLACENTA Stage ONE is Labor 3 signals indicate that labor has begun… 1. Contractions begin 2. Mucous plug is dispelled 3. Amniotic sac breaks 1. Initial uterine contractions are short and mild, but frequency, intensity, duration increase. During transition stage, the cervix completes dilation and stretches over baby's head. The entire process usually lasts from 4-18 hours 2. The mucous plug falls out as cervix dilates; it is accompanied by a tinge of blood, and is referred to as “bloody show” 3. Before labor begins, or in the early stages, the amniotic sac ruptures under pressure and fluid trickles or gushes out. Sometimes the sac must be broken manually. Prior to the beginning of labor, the thick cartilage walls of the cervix begin to thin out and lengthen. This process is called effacement. The cervix must be completely effaced in order to fully dilate. The purpose of “labor” is for the muscles to contract, pulling open the cervix. It must open (or dilate) to 10 cm. (approximately 4 inches) to allow for the birth of the baby. There are several methods that can help the mother manage the pain of labor Although medications can control pain, there is risk that the baby will be affected and become groggy. A regional anesthetic can be injected through the vagina into a nerve to relieve pain, but an epidural block is now the method of preference. An injection into the spinal column blocks pain. The mother will need to attempt to control this pushing movement. A slow expulsion of the baby from the vagina causes less damage to sensitive skin. Stage Two is Birth of the Baby Graphic Pictures are coming! In the second stage of labor, the baby is expelled from the womb through the vagina by both the uterine contractions and by the additional maternal efforts of pushing or "bearing down". When the head is first visible, it is called “crowning”. • An episiotomy is an incision through the skin and muscles in the perineum, made during a vaginal delivery. • This procedure is performed in 2/3 of US births, and allows extra room for baby to pass out of the birth canal. • The incision prevents tearing. It stitches easier and heals faster than a tear. Vaginal delivery accounts for 3 out of every 4 births in the United States. Most remaining vernix caseosa is rubbed off during delivery. A cephalic birth position is one that is head-first! The mother may stand with her legs apart, squat, lean over, recline backward or lie down with legs supported to facilitate the delivery. The "sutures" or anatomical lines where the bony plates of the skull join together can be easily felt in the newborn infant. The diamond shaped spaces on the top, top back, and sides of the skull are often referred to as the "soft spot" in young infants…correctly known as fontanelles. The fontanelles actually allow the skull to change to a new shape, so it can emerge through the small cervical opening. This is called “molding” of the head. This change in the shape of the skull will go back to it’s original appearance in a few hours up to a few days. Immediately following delivery, if not during, a bulb syringe is used to suction mucous from the throat and nasal passages. It’s important that those first breaths be deep and clear. Healthy, loud cries assure that! The umbilical cord is connected at baby’s navel. The cord must be clamped and cut (or tied off). A small plastic clamp is used & placed close to baby’s tummy. Stage Three is Birth of the Placenta GRAPHIC PICTURES! Stage 3 of childbirth follows delivery of the baby…it is the delivery of the afterbirth (placenta). • After the placenta is delivered, it should be inspected (1 minute exam) for: – size, shape, consistency, and completeness. • An abnormal placenta may be one of the first indications that mother or baby has a problem. A suctioning method or vacuum is sometimes used to assist in difficult deliveries. It can turn the baby to a better position or perhaps just quicken the descent down the birth canal. A breech birth position is sometimes more difficult. It means that the baby is in the birth canal feet or buttocks first. An instrument called a forceps is sometimes used during delivery also. The cushioned tongs are used to hold, guide, or pull baby through the birth canal to hasten delivery. CAESARIAN SECTION birth position Also known as C-section or spelled cesarean section, 1. fetus is delivered through a horizontal incision in abdominal and uterine walls 2. advisable when: fetus in improperly aligned (such as a sideways position called transverse position), multiple fetuses, fetal distress, mother is worn out, or mother has a transferable genital condition or infection Soon after birth, information will be gathered for baby’s official birth certificate. This becomes a matter of permanent public record; make sure it is correct, including spellings! It’s time to name the baby! Identification wrist or ankle bands are secured, as well as foot prints. • Preparing individuals for life and work • Strengthening families • Empowering communities Created by Barbara L. Swarthout, Family & Consumer Sciences teacher at Elkhorn High School