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PT 13 HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • • • • • • Course Number: PT 13 Course Title : Human Growth and Development Placement : Third Year, 1st Sem SY 2011-2012 Credit Unit: 3 units; 3 hours lecture per week Prerequisite: Level III standing Schedule : Tuesday & Thursday, 7:30am-9:00am AKAMSB, Lecture Room 1 • Faculty : Asst. Prof. Lynn D. Olegario, MD, FPARM PT 13 Human Growth and Development • Course Description: This course discusses the theories and principles of growth and development, various stages of growth and development in terms of motor, perceptual, cognitive, language and psychological aspects. This also includes the effect of disability on the growth pattern in each group. • General Objectives: 1. Know various theories on human growth and development. 2. Understand stages of human growth and development from early life through old age. 3. Appreciate the development skills of individuals with disability in various age group 4. Gain experience in planning, implementing and evaluating activities which corresponds to the characteristics & developmental skills of the different age groups. PT 13 Human Growth and Development • Specific Objectives: 1. Discuss the various theories of human growth and development. 2. Describe the developmental stages of each group in terms of: a. Motor D. Language b. Perceptual E. Psychosocial C. Cognitive 3. Discuss the developmental tasks & needs of the different age group 4. Describe the effects of disability in the different age group; relate the developmental skills of the disabled with that of normal persons within their age group. 5. Plan and conduct activities significant to the specific age group. Evaluate the activities in terms of: program planning process, group dynamics and significance of the activities. PT 13 Human Growth and Development • Course Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Theories of Human Growth and Development 3. Stages of Human growth and Development a. Prenatal stage e. Adolescence b. Babyhood/Toddlerhood f. Adulthood c. Early Childhood g. Middle Age d. Middle Childhood h. Late Adulthood 4. Threats and dangers at specific age group 5. Effects of disability in each age group PT 13 Human Growth and Development • Course Requirements: 1. Students are required to attend all lecture classes. Absences will be dealt with according to existing University policy 2. Quizzes may be announced or unannounced. The student is expected to study the topics previously discussed. NO MAKE-UP QUIZ for unexcused absence. 3. Unit examinations are scheduled and therefore the student has NO reason for not taking them on the specified date, except in emergency cases. 4. Midterm and Final exams schedules are based on the University’s calendar. 5. Absolutely NO CHEATING in all examinations. Student caught cheating will be subject to disciplinary action and given an automatic ZERO point for the particular exam. 6. Graded recitations may be done to enhance learning process of the students and interaction with the instructor. 7. Assignments/group activity due for submission/presentation are expected on the agreed upon schedule. 8. Using cellphones during lecture hours is not allowed; must be PT 13 Human Growth and Development • Evaluation Requirements: MIDTERM Quizzes/Recitation Unit Exams Midterm POST MIDTERM Quizzes/Recitation Group Activity Unit Exams Final Exam 20% 40% 40% 15% 15% 30% 40% FINAL GRADE= (MT grade x 40%) + (PMT x 60%) PT 13 Human Growth and Development • References: 1. Molnar, G.E. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 3rd ed 2. PaPalia,D.E. and Olds, S.W. (1992) Human Development, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc 3. Gabbard, C.P. (2004) Lifelong Motor Development, 4th ed, Pearson Education, Inc. 4. Hurlock, E.B. (1982) Developmental Psychology, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc 5. Campbell, S.K.;Vander Linden, D.W. and Palisano, R.J. (2006) Physical Therapy for Children, 3rd ed, Saunders Elsevier Inc. Introduction At the end of this session, the students will: 1. Able to define & differentiate the terms growth and development. 2. Identify the different characteristics of development. 3. Know the basic concepts of human development. 4. Familiar with the different classification of life stages/span 5. Know factors regarding happiness and unhappiness during the life span • Human Development- scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as ways in which they stay the same, from conception to death. • Development- the sequence of events through which the individual grows, changes, evolves & matures. • Developmentalists- professionals who study human development developmental change GROWTH - the process by which a living being or any of its part increases in size & mass either by multiplication or by enlargement of its component cells. - change in number or amount - quantitative - measured in kilograms, centimeters DEVELOPMENT - progressive series of changes that occurs as a result of maturation and experience - enhancement or increase of maturation - differentiation of function & skills - change in kind, structure or organization - qualitative Goals of Development - differs according to theories - enables people to adopt to the environment in which they live - self actualization or self-realization - overcoming the developmental tasks Characteristics of Development 1) 2) 3) 4) Early foundations are very critical Each individual is different Maturation & learning are essential Each phase of development has a characteristic patterns of behavior 5) Each phase of development have hazards 6) Development follows a definite & predictable pattern 7) Development is aided by stimulation 8) Development is affected by cultural changes 9) Presence of social expectations for each phase of dev. 10) Presence of cultural beliefs about people of all ages Characteristics of Development: 1) Early foundations are very critical * attitudes, habits & patterns of behavior established early years determine extent of successful adjustment to life * ‘White’: first 2 years of life most critical. : 8 to 18 months, origins of human competence * ‘Erikson’: babyhood- period when individuals learn attitudes of trusts/mistrust, depending on how parents gratify childs need for food, attention& love : attitudes remain more persistent throughout life and color individuals perception of people & situations Characteristics of Development: Early foundations are very critical. * ‘Erikson’: attitudes remain more persistent throughout life and color individuals perception of people & situations. : early patterns tend to persist but can be change. How? 1) when the individual receives help & guidance in making the change. 2) when significant people treat individuals in new and different ways. 3) when there is strong motivation on the individual to make change. Characteristics of Development: 2) Each individual is different. *’Dobzhansky’: every person is indeed biologically & genetically different from every other, even among identical twins. *Because no two individuals ever have identical hereditary endowments or the same environmental experiences, one can never predict with accuracy how people will react to a situation, even when: 1) there is ample information about their inherited abilities… and 2) even when it is known how the average person behaves is similar situations Characteristics of Development: 3) Maturation & learning are essential *maturation- unfolding of the individuals inherent traits - phylogenetic functions: functions common to the human race comes from maturation. *learning- development that comes from exercise & effort on the individuals part - ontogenetic functions: those that area specific to the individual, learning in the form of training is essential. Characteristics of Development: 4) Each phase of development has a characteristic patterns of behavior. * Periods of Equilibrium- individuals adapt easily to environmental demands good personal & social adjustments * Periods of Disequilibrium- difficulty in adaptation poor Characteristics of Development: 5) Each phase of development have hazards. Potential hazards: 1) inappropriate expectations 2) bypassing a stage of development due to failure to master developmental tasks for that stage. 3) the crises individuals experience as they pass from one stage of development to another. Characteristics of Development: 6) Development follows a definite and predictable pattern…physical, motor, speech & intellectual development Laws of Development Direction: “cephalocaudal law”- head to foot development pattern “proximodistal law”- from central axis of body to the extremities *importance: predict what individual will do at a given age & plan their education& training to fit into this pattern Characteristics of Development: 7) Development is aided by stimulation *to reach its full potential How? Stimulate development by directly encouraging the individual to use an ability which is in the process of developing. When? Time when an ability is normally developing. 8) Development is affected by cultural changes *an individuals development molded to conform to cultural standards & ideals, so changes in these standards affect development pattern Characteristics of Development: 9) Presence of social expectations for each phase of development. “developmental tasks”- a task which arises at or about a certain period in life of the individual, successful achievement of which leads to happiness & to success in later life, while failure leads to unhappiness & difficulty with later tasks.” Purpose: - guidelines to know what society expects at given time - motivate individuals to do what the social group ages expects them to do. - show individuals what lies ahead, what’s expected of them on the next stage of development. Characteristics of Development: 10) Presence of different cultural beliefs about people of all ages. Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Babyhood & Early Childhood: Learning to take solid food Learning to walk Learning to talk Learning to control elimination of body waste Learning sex differences & sexual modesty Getting ready to read Learning to distinguish right and wrong and beginning to develop conscience Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Late Childhood: Learning physical skill necessary for ordinary games Building a wholesome attitude towards oneself as a growing organism Learning to get along with age-mates Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or feminine social roles Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing & calculating Developing concepts necessary for everyday living Developing a conscience, a sense of morality & a scale of values Developing attitudes toward social groups & institutions Achieving personal independence Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Adolescence: Achieving new & more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role Accepting one’s physique & using one’s body effectively Desiring, accepting & achieving socially responsible behavior Achieving emotional independence from parents & other adults Preparing for an economic career Preparing for marriage & family life Acquiring a set of values & ethical system as guide to behaviordeveloping an ideolgy Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Early Adulthood: Getting started in an occupation Selecting a mate Learning to live with a marriage partner Starting a family Rearing children Managing a home Taking a civic responsibility Finding a congenial social group Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Middle Age: Achieving adult civic & social responsibility Assisting teenage children to become responsible & happy adults Developing adult leisure-time activities Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person Accepting & adjusting to the physiological changes in the middle age Reaching & maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupational career Adjusting to aging parents Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks During The Life Span Old Age: Adjusting to decreasing physical strength & health Adjusting to retirement & reduced income Adjusting to death of spouse Establishing an explicit affiliation with members of one’s age group Establishing a satisfactory living arrangements Adapting to social roles in a flexible way Factors Influencing Mastery of Developmental Tasks Aids To Mastery: Handicaps To Mastery: • A normal/accelerated developmental level • Opportunities to learn the developmental tasks & guidance in mastering them • Motivation • Good health& the absence of physical defects • A high level of intelligence • Creativity • A retarded developmental level • Lack of opportunity to learn developmental tacks or lack of guidance in their mastery • Lack of motivation • Poor health • Physical defects • A low intellectual level MOTOR CONTROL • The study of postures & movements and parts of mind & body which control posture and movement. • Theories of Motor Control a. b. c. • Neuromaturitionist Theory Systems Theory Neuronal Group Selection Theory Principles of Motor Development Motor Control • Theories of Motor Control: a. Neuromaturitionist Theory- the cortex is command center with descending control & inhibition of lower centers by higher one in central nervous system b. Systems Theory 1) Command center changes from cortex to other levels depending on the task 2) Stresses interaction between brain, body & environment including biomechanics & body geometry 3) Sensory systems mature, become integrated & connected to muscle coordination patterns starting with visual system. 4) Immature postures involve cocontraction of agonists & antagonists, cocontaction decreases with maturation Motor Control c. Neuronal group selection Theory 1) Genetic code of species outline limits of neural network formation 2) Actual network formation results from individual experience 3) Cell death of unexercised synaptic & strengthening synaptic connections selectively activated • Principles of Motor Development 1. Occurs in cephalocaudal direction 2. Unrefined to refined movement 3. Stability to controlled mobility 4. Occurs in spiraling manner, with periods of equilibrium & disequilibrium 5. Sensitive periods occur when/infant is especially affected by environmental input. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • Periods of the Life Span: - 10 stages in the Life Span - 7 periods of Development - 8 periods of the life span • Aspects of Development • Influences on Development - heredity, environment * Ecological Approach DIFFERENT ASPECTS of DEVELOPMENT Physical Cognitive Psychosocial Changes in the body, brain, sensory capacity & motor skills Changes in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, reasoning, thinking & language Personality & social development PERIODS of the LIFE SPAN Classification: • 10 Stages in the Life Span • 7 Periods of Development • 8 Periods of the life span 10 Stages in the Life Span 1) PRENATAL period – conception to birth 2) INFANCY – birth to 2nd week of life 3) BABYHOOD – 2nd week to end of 2nd yr 4) EARLY CHILDHOOD – two to six years 5) LATE CHILDHOOD – six to 10 or 12 years 10 Stages in the Life Span 6) PUBERTY or PREADOLESCENCE – ten or twelve to thirteen or fourteen years 7) ADOLESCENCE – thirteen or fourteen to eighteen years 8) EARLY ADULTHOOD - eighteen to forty years 9) MIDDLE AGE – forty to sixty years 10) OLD AGE or SENESCENCE – sixty years to death 7 Periods of Development 1) Prenatal Germinal Embyronic Fetal Conception to birth 1-2 wks gestation 2-8 wks gestation 9-38 wks gestation 2) Infancy Birth to 2 years 3) Childhood 2-10 yrs female 2-12 yrs male 7 Periods of Development 4) Adolescence 10-18 yrs female 12-20 yrs male (prepubescence) (pubescence) (postpubecence) 5) Young adulthood (2 yrs before onset) (4 yrs-hormones) (final 2 yrs) 18-40 yrs 6) Middle adulthood 40-65 yrs 7 Periods of Development 7) Older adulthood Young-old Middle-old Old-old 65 yrs to death 65-74 yrs 75-84 yrs 85 yrs to death Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD Prenatal stage MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Basic body structure & organs (conception to birth) form Physical growth is most rapid in life span Vulnerability to environmental influences is great Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Infancy & toddlerhood (birth to age 3) Newborn is dependent but competent. All senses operate at birth. Physical growth & development of motor skills are rapid. Ability to learn & remember is present, even in early weeks of life. Comprehension & speech develop rapidly. Self-awareness develops in 2nd year. Attachment to parents & others form toward end of 1st yr. Interest in other children increases. Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Early childhood (3 to 6 years) Fine, gross motor skills & strength improve Behavior largely egocentric, but understanding of other people’s perspectives grows. Cognitive immaturity leads to some illogical ideas about the world. Play, creativity & imagination more elaborate Independence, self-control & self-care increase. Family is still focus of life, altho other children become more important. Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Middle childhood (6 to 12 years) Physical growth slows. Strength & athletic skills improve. Egocentrism diminishes. Children begin to think logically, altho largely concretely. Memory & language skills increase. Cognitive gains enable children to benefit from formal schooling. Self-concept develops, affecting self-esteem. Peers assume central importance Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Adolescence Physical changes are rapid & profound. (12 to about 20 years) Reproductive maturity arrives. Ability to think abstractly & use scientific reasoning develops. Adolescent egocentrism persists in some behaviors. Search for identity becomes central. Peers groups help develop & test self-concept. Relationships with parents are generally good. Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Young Adulthood (20 to 40 yrs) Physical health peaks, then declines slightly. Cognitive abilities assume more complexity. Decisions are made about intimate relationships. Most people marry, most become parents. Career choices are made. Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Middle Age Some deterioration of physical health, stamina, & prowess takes place. Women experience menopause. Wisdom & practical problem-solving skills are high; ability to solve novel problems decline. Sense of identity continues to develop. Double responsibilities of caring for children & elderly parents may cause stress. Launching of children typically leaves empty nest. For some, career success & earning powers peak; for others, burnout occurs. Search for meaning of life assumes central importance. For some, there may be a midlife crisis (40 to 65 yrs) Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span AGE PERIOD Late Adulthood MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS Most people are healthy & active, altho health & physical abilities decline somewhat. Slowing of some reaction time affect many aspects (65 yrs & over) of functioning. Most people are mentally alert. Altho intelligence & memory may deteriorate in some areas, most people find ways to compensate. Retirement from work force may create more leisure time but may reduce economic circumstances. People need to cope with losses in many areas (loss of one’s faculties, loss of loved ones) & their own impending death. INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT • Heredity- the inborn genetic endowment that human beings receive from their biological parents. • Environment- the world outside the self, beginning in the womb (Ecological Approach). normative influences= occurs in a similar way for most people in a given group. nonnormative life events= unusual events that have a major impact on individual Ecological Approach • The Microsystem- the everyday environment of home, school, work or neighborhood. • The Mesosystem- the interlocking of various microsystems that contains the developing person. • The Exosystem- linkages between two or more settings, at least one of which does not contain the developing person but affects him or her indirectly. • The Macrosystem- consist of overarching cultural patterns, such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, economic & political systems. • The Choronosystem- adds time dimension, the influence of normative or non-normative change or constancy in the person & the environment. CONDITIONS INFLUENCING LONGEVITY • • • • • • • • Heredity Physical characteristics General physical condition Sex Race Geographic location Socioeconomic Level Intelligence • • • • • • • Education Smoking & Drinking Marital status Efficiency Anxiety Occupation Happiness HAPPINESS and UNHAPPINESS • HAPPINESS – life satisfaction – the state of well-being and contentment – a pleasurable satisfaction that comes when the individual needs and wishes are fulfilled – Essentials: • Acceptance • Achievement • Affection Happiness & Unhappiness Concepts • Happiness varies at different times in the life span • Happiness at one age does not guarantee happiness in other ages • At every age there are sex differences to happiness • At every age there are obstacles to happiness Happiness & Unhappiness • Factors Influencing Happiness: - health physical attractiveness degree of autonomy interactional opportunities type of work, work status living conditions, material possessions balance between expectation and achievements emotional adjustments attitudes toward an age period realism of self concepts Summary: Highligths Highlights: Growth vs. Development Growth Development • process by w/c a living • Progressive series of organism increases in size changes, occur as a result & mass by multiplication of maturation & or enlargement of cells experience • Change in number or • Change in kind, structure amount or organization • quantitative • qualitative Highlights: Characteristics of Development 1. Early foundations are critical 2. Each individual is different 3. Maturation & learning are critical 4. Each phase of development has a characteristic behavior 5. Each phase of development have hazards 6. Development follows a definite & predictable [pattern 7. Development is aided by stimulation 8. Development is affected by cultural changes 9. Presence of social expectations for each phase of development 10. Presence of different cultural beliefs about people of all ages Highlights: Basic Concepts of Human Dev. Presence of Different Stages/Periods in the Life span/Development > 10 stages in the life span > 7 periods of development > 8 periods of the life span Different Aspects of Development a. physical b. cognitive c. psychosocial Various Influences on Development a. heredity b. environment Highlights: Stages/Periods of Dev/Life Span 10 stages life span • Prenatal • Infancy • Babyhood • Early Childhood • Late Childhood • Puberty • Adolescence • Early Adulthood • Middle Age • Old Age 7 periods Prenatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence Young adulthood Middle Adulthood Older Adulthood 8 • • • • • • • • periods life span Prenatal Infancy & Toddlerhood Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Young Adulthood Middle Age Late adulthood Highlights: Happiness & unhappiness Happiness= life satisfaction Essentials: Acceptance, Achievement & Affection Concepts: 1. varies at different times in the life span 2. happiness at one age does not guarantee happiness in other ages 3. at every ages, there are sex differences to happiness 4. at every age, there are obstacles to happiness