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PT 13 HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
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Course Number: PT 13
Course Title : Human Growth and Development
Placement : Third Year, 1st Sem SY 2011-2012
Credit Unit: 3 units; 3 hours lecture per week
Prerequisite: Level III standing
Schedule : Tuesday & Thursday, 7:30am-9:00am
AKAMSB, Lecture Room 1
• Faculty : Asst. Prof. Lynn D. Olegario, MD, FPARM
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
• Course Description:
This course discusses the theories and principles of growth
and development, various stages of growth and development in
terms of motor, perceptual, cognitive, language and psychological
aspects. This also includes the effect of disability on the growth
pattern in each group.
• General Objectives:
1. Know various theories on human growth and development.
2. Understand stages of human growth and development from early
life through old age.
3. Appreciate the development skills of individuals with disability in
various age group
4. Gain experience in planning, implementing and evaluating activities
which corresponds to the characteristics & developmental
skills of the different age groups.
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
• Specific Objectives:
1. Discuss the various theories of human growth and development.
2. Describe the developmental stages of each group in terms of:
a. Motor
D. Language
b. Perceptual
E. Psychosocial
C. Cognitive
3. Discuss the developmental tasks & needs of the different age group
4. Describe the effects of disability in the different age group; relate
the developmental skills of the disabled with that of normal
persons within their age group.
5. Plan and conduct activities significant to the specific age group.
Evaluate the activities in terms of: program planning process,
group dynamics and significance of the activities.
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
• Course Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Theories of Human Growth and Development
3. Stages of Human growth and Development
a. Prenatal stage
e. Adolescence
b. Babyhood/Toddlerhood
f. Adulthood
c. Early Childhood
g. Middle Age
d. Middle Childhood
h. Late Adulthood
4. Threats and dangers at specific age group
5. Effects of disability in each age group
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
• Course Requirements:
1. Students are required to attend all lecture classes. Absences will be
dealt with according to existing University policy
2. Quizzes may be announced or unannounced. The student is expected to
study the topics previously discussed. NO MAKE-UP QUIZ for unexcused
absence.
3. Unit examinations are scheduled and therefore the student has NO reason
for not taking them on the specified date, except in emergency cases.
4. Midterm and Final exams schedules are based on the University’s calendar.
5. Absolutely NO CHEATING in all examinations. Student caught cheating will
be subject to disciplinary action and given an automatic ZERO point for
the particular exam.
6. Graded recitations may be done to enhance learning process of the students
and interaction with the instructor.
7. Assignments/group activity due for submission/presentation
are expected on the agreed upon schedule.
8. Using cellphones during lecture hours is not allowed; must be
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
• Evaluation Requirements:
MIDTERM
Quizzes/Recitation
Unit Exams
Midterm
POST MIDTERM
Quizzes/Recitation
Group Activity
Unit Exams
Final Exam
20%
40%
40%
15%
15%
30%
40%
FINAL GRADE= (MT grade x 40%) + (PMT x 60%)
PT 13 Human Growth and Development
•
References:
1. Molnar, G.E. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 3rd ed
2. PaPalia,D.E. and Olds, S.W. (1992) Human Development, 7th ed,
McGraw-Hill, Inc
3. Gabbard, C.P. (2004) Lifelong Motor Development, 4th ed, Pearson
Education, Inc.
4. Hurlock, E.B. (1982) Developmental Psychology, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc
5. Campbell, S.K.;Vander Linden, D.W. and Palisano, R.J. (2006) Physical
Therapy for Children, 3rd ed, Saunders Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
At the end of this session, the students
will:
1. Able to define & differentiate the terms growth and
development.
2. Identify the different characteristics of
development.
3. Know the basic concepts of human development.
4. Familiar with the different classification of life
stages/span
5. Know factors regarding happiness and unhappiness
during the life span
• Human Development- scientific study
of ways in which people change, as well
as ways in which they stay the same,
from conception to death.
• Development- the sequence of events
through which the individual grows,
changes, evolves & matures.
• Developmentalists- professionals who
study human development
developmental change
GROWTH
- the process by which a living being or
any of its part increases in size & mass
either by multiplication or by
enlargement of its component cells.
- change in number or amount
- quantitative
- measured in kilograms, centimeters
DEVELOPMENT
- progressive series of changes that occurs
as a result of maturation and experience
- enhancement or increase of maturation
- differentiation of function & skills
- change in kind, structure or organization
- qualitative
Goals of Development
- differs according to theories
- enables people to adopt to the
environment in which they live
- self actualization or self-realization
- overcoming the developmental tasks
Characteristics of Development
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Early foundations are very critical
Each individual is different
Maturation & learning are essential
Each phase of development has a characteristic
patterns of behavior
5) Each phase of development have hazards
6) Development follows a definite & predictable pattern
7) Development is aided by stimulation
8) Development is affected by cultural changes
9) Presence of social expectations for each phase of dev.
10) Presence of cultural beliefs about people of all ages
Characteristics of Development:
1) Early foundations are very critical
* attitudes, habits & patterns of behavior established early years
determine extent of successful adjustment to life
* ‘White’: first 2 years of life most critical.
: 8 to 18 months, origins of human competence
* ‘Erikson’: babyhood- period when individuals learn attitudes of
trusts/mistrust, depending on how parents
gratify childs need for food, attention& love
: attitudes remain more persistent throughout life and
color individuals perception of people & situations
Characteristics of Development:
Early foundations are very critical.
* ‘Erikson’: attitudes remain more persistent throughout life and color
individuals perception of people & situations.
: early patterns tend to persist but can be change.
How? 1) when the individual receives help & guidance in
making the change.
2) when significant people treat individuals in new
and different ways.
3) when there is strong motivation on the individual
to make change.
Characteristics of Development:
2) Each individual is different.
*’Dobzhansky’: every person is indeed biologically & genetically
different from every other, even among identical twins.
*Because no two individuals ever have identical hereditary
endowments or the same environmental experiences, one can never
predict with accuracy how people will react to a situation, even
when:
1) there is ample information about their inherited abilities… and
2) even when it is known how the average person behaves is similar
situations
Characteristics of Development:
3) Maturation & learning are essential
*maturation- unfolding of the individuals inherent traits
- phylogenetic functions: functions common to the
human race comes from maturation.
*learning- development that comes from exercise & effort on the
individuals part
- ontogenetic functions: those that area specific to the
individual, learning in the form of
training is essential.
Characteristics of Development:
4) Each phase of development has a
characteristic patterns of behavior.
* Periods of Equilibrium- individuals adapt easily to
environmental demands  good personal & social adjustments
* Periods of Disequilibrium- difficulty in adaptation  poor
Characteristics of Development:
5) Each phase of development have
hazards.
Potential hazards:
1) inappropriate expectations
2) bypassing a stage of development due to failure to master
developmental tasks for that stage.
3) the crises individuals experience as they pass from one
stage of development to another.
Characteristics of Development:
6) Development follows a definite and
predictable pattern…physical, motor,
speech & intellectual development
Laws of Development Direction:
“cephalocaudal law”- head to foot development pattern
“proximodistal law”- from central axis of body to the
extremities
*importance: predict what individual will do at a given age
& plan their education& training to fit into this pattern
Characteristics of Development:
7) Development is aided by stimulation
*to reach its full potential
How? Stimulate development by directly encouraging the individual
to use an ability which is in the process of developing.
When? Time when an ability is normally developing.
8) Development is affected by cultural
changes
*an individuals development molded to conform to
cultural standards & ideals, so changes in these
standards affect development pattern
Characteristics of Development:
9) Presence of social expectations for
each phase of development.
“developmental tasks”- a task which arises at or about a
certain period in life of the individual, successful
achievement of which leads to happiness & to success
in later life, while failure leads to unhappiness &
difficulty with later tasks.”
Purpose:
- guidelines to know what society expects at given time
- motivate individuals to do what the social group ages
expects them to do.
- show individuals what lies ahead, what’s expected of
them on the next stage of development.
Characteristics of Development:
10) Presence of different cultural
beliefs about people of all ages.
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Babyhood & Early Childhood:
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Learning to take solid food
Learning to walk
Learning to talk
Learning to control elimination of body waste
Learning sex differences & sexual modesty
Getting ready to read
Learning to distinguish right and wrong and beginning
to develop conscience
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Late Childhood:
 Learning physical skill necessary for ordinary games
 Building a wholesome attitude towards oneself as a growing
organism
 Learning to get along with age-mates
 Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or feminine social
roles
 Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing & calculating
 Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
 Developing a conscience, a sense of morality & a scale of values
 Developing attitudes toward social groups & institutions
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Achieving personal independence
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Adolescence:
 Achieving new & more mature relations with age-mates of both
sexes.
 Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
 Accepting one’s physique & using one’s body effectively
 Desiring, accepting & achieving socially responsible behavior
 Achieving emotional independence from parents & other adults
 Preparing for an economic career
 Preparing for marriage & family life
 Acquiring a set of values & ethical system as guide to behaviordeveloping an ideolgy
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Early Adulthood:
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Getting started in an occupation
Selecting a mate
Learning to live with a marriage partner
Starting a family
Rearing children
Managing a home
Taking a civic responsibility
Finding a congenial social group
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Middle Age:
 Achieving adult civic & social responsibility
 Assisting teenage children to become responsible &
happy adults
 Developing adult leisure-time activities
 Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
 Accepting & adjusting to the physiological changes
in the middle age
 Reaching & maintaining satisfactory performance in
one’s occupational career
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Adjusting to aging parents
Havighurt’s Developmental Tasks
During The Life Span
Old Age:
Adjusting to decreasing physical strength & health
Adjusting to retirement & reduced income
Adjusting to death of spouse
Establishing an explicit affiliation with members of
one’s age group
 Establishing a satisfactory living arrangements
 Adapting to social roles in a flexible way
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Factors Influencing Mastery of
Developmental Tasks
Aids To Mastery:
Handicaps To Mastery:
• A normal/accelerated
developmental level
• Opportunities to learn the
developmental tasks &
guidance in mastering them
• Motivation
• Good health& the absence of
physical defects
• A high level of intelligence
• Creativity
• A retarded developmental level
• Lack of opportunity to learn
developmental tacks or lack of
guidance in their mastery
• Lack of motivation
• Poor health
• Physical defects
• A low intellectual level
MOTOR CONTROL
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The study of postures & movements and
parts of mind & body which control posture
and movement.
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Theories of Motor Control
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Neuromaturitionist Theory
Systems Theory
Neuronal Group Selection Theory
Principles of Motor Development
Motor Control
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Theories of Motor Control:
a. Neuromaturitionist Theory- the cortex is command
center with descending control & inhibition of lower
centers by higher one in central nervous system
b. Systems Theory
1) Command center changes from cortex to other levels depending
on the task
2) Stresses interaction between brain, body & environment
including biomechanics & body geometry
3) Sensory systems mature, become integrated & connected to
muscle coordination patterns starting with visual system.
4) Immature postures involve cocontraction of agonists &
antagonists, cocontaction decreases with maturation
Motor Control
c. Neuronal group selection Theory
1) Genetic code of species outline limits of neural network
formation
2) Actual network formation results from individual experience
3) Cell death of unexercised synaptic & strengthening synaptic
connections selectively activated
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Principles of Motor Development
1. Occurs in cephalocaudal direction
2. Unrefined to refined movement
3. Stability to controlled mobility
4. Occurs in spiraling manner, with periods of equilibrium
& disequilibrium
5. Sensitive periods occur when/infant is especially affected
by environmental input.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Periods of the Life Span:
- 10 stages in the Life Span
- 7 periods of Development
- 8 periods of the life span
• Aspects of Development
• Influences on Development
- heredity, environment
* Ecological Approach
DIFFERENT ASPECTS of
DEVELOPMENT
Physical
Cognitive
Psychosocial
Changes in the body, brain,
sensory capacity & motor
skills
Changes in mental abilities,
such as learning, memory,
reasoning, thinking &
language
Personality & social
development
PERIODS of the LIFE SPAN
Classification:
• 10 Stages in the Life Span
• 7 Periods of Development
• 8 Periods of the life span
10 Stages in the Life Span
1) PRENATAL period
– conception to birth
2) INFANCY
– birth to 2nd week of life
3) BABYHOOD
– 2nd week to end of 2nd yr
4) EARLY CHILDHOOD – two to six years
5) LATE CHILDHOOD – six to 10 or 12 years
10 Stages in the Life Span
6) PUBERTY or PREADOLESCENCE – ten or twelve
to thirteen or fourteen years
7) ADOLESCENCE – thirteen or fourteen to
eighteen years
8) EARLY ADULTHOOD - eighteen to forty years
9) MIDDLE AGE – forty to sixty years
10) OLD AGE or SENESCENCE – sixty years
to death
7 Periods of Development
1) Prenatal
Germinal
Embyronic
Fetal
Conception to birth
1-2 wks gestation
2-8 wks gestation
9-38 wks gestation
2) Infancy
Birth to 2 years
3) Childhood
2-10 yrs female
2-12 yrs male
7 Periods of Development
4) Adolescence
10-18 yrs female
12-20 yrs male
(prepubescence)
(pubescence)
(postpubecence)
5) Young adulthood
(2 yrs before onset)
(4 yrs-hormones)
(final 2 yrs)
18-40 yrs
6) Middle adulthood
40-65 yrs
7 Periods of Development
7) Older adulthood
Young-old
Middle-old
Old-old
65 yrs to death
65-74 yrs
75-84 yrs
85 yrs to death
Development in 8 Periods of
the Life Span
AGE PERIOD
Prenatal stage
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Basic body structure & organs
(conception to birth) form
Physical growth is most rapid
in life span
Vulnerability to environmental
influences is great
Development in 8 Periods of the
Life Span
AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Infancy &
toddlerhood
(birth to age 3)
Newborn is dependent but competent.
All senses operate at birth.
Physical growth & development of motor
skills are rapid.
Ability to learn & remember is present,
even in early weeks of life.
Comprehension & speech develop rapidly.
Self-awareness develops in 2nd year.
Attachment to parents & others form
toward end of 1st yr.
Interest in other children increases.
Development in 8 Periods of the
Life Span
AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Early
childhood
(3 to 6 years)
Fine, gross motor skills & strength improve
Behavior largely egocentric, but
understanding of other people’s
perspectives grows.
Cognitive immaturity leads to some illogical
ideas about the world.
Play, creativity & imagination more elaborate
Independence, self-control & self-care
increase.
Family is still focus of life, altho other
children become more important.
Development in 8 Periods of the
Life Span
AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Middle
childhood
(6 to 12 years)
Physical growth slows.
Strength & athletic skills improve.
Egocentrism diminishes.
Children begin to think logically, altho
largely concretely.
Memory & language skills increase.
Cognitive gains enable children to benefit
from formal schooling.
Self-concept develops, affecting self-esteem.
Peers assume central importance
Development in 8 Periods of the
Life Span
AGE PERIOD
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Adolescence Physical changes are rapid & profound.
(12 to about
20 years)
Reproductive maturity arrives. Ability to
think abstractly & use scientific reasoning
develops.
Adolescent egocentrism persists in some
behaviors.
Search for identity becomes central.
Peers groups help develop & test self-concept.
Relationships with parents are generally good.
Development in 8 Periods of the
Life Span
AGE PERIOD MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Young
Adulthood
(20 to 40 yrs)
Physical health peaks, then declines slightly.
Cognitive abilities assume more complexity.
Decisions are made about intimate
relationships.
Most people marry, most become parents.
Career choices are made.
Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span
AGE
PERIOD
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Middle Age
Some deterioration of physical health, stamina, &
prowess takes place.
Women experience menopause.
Wisdom & practical problem-solving skills are high;
ability to solve novel problems decline.
Sense of identity continues to develop.
Double responsibilities of caring for children &
elderly parents may cause stress.
Launching of children typically leaves empty nest.
For some, career success & earning powers peak; for
others, burnout occurs.
Search for meaning of life assumes central
importance. For some, there may be a midlife crisis
(40 to 65 yrs)
Development in 8 Periods of the Life Span
AGE
PERIOD
Late
Adulthood
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Most people are healthy & active, altho health &
physical abilities decline somewhat.
Slowing of some reaction time affect many aspects
(65 yrs & over) of functioning.
Most people are mentally alert. Altho intelligence &
memory may deteriorate in some areas, most people
find ways to compensate.
Retirement from work force may create more leisure
time but may reduce economic circumstances.
People need to cope with losses in many areas (loss of
one’s faculties, loss of loved ones) & their own
impending death.
INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT
• Heredity- the inborn genetic endowment that
human beings receive from their
biological parents.
• Environment- the world outside the self,
beginning in the womb (Ecological Approach).
normative influences= occurs in a similar way for
most people in a given group.
nonnormative life events= unusual events that have
a major impact on individual
Ecological Approach
• The Microsystem- the everyday environment of home, school,
work or neighborhood.
• The Mesosystem- the interlocking of various microsystems that
contains the developing person.
• The Exosystem- linkages between two or more settings, at least
one of which does not contain the developing
person but affects him or her indirectly.
• The Macrosystem- consist of overarching cultural patterns, such
as dominant beliefs, ideologies, economic &
political systems.
• The Choronosystem- adds time dimension, the influence of
normative or non-normative change or constancy
in the person & the environment.
CONDITIONS
INFLUENCING LONGEVITY
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Heredity
Physical characteristics
General physical condition
Sex
Race
Geographic location
Socioeconomic Level
Intelligence
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Education
Smoking & Drinking
Marital status
Efficiency
Anxiety
Occupation
Happiness
HAPPINESS and UNHAPPINESS
• HAPPINESS – life satisfaction
– the state of well-being and contentment
– a pleasurable satisfaction that comes
when the individual needs and wishes are
fulfilled
– Essentials:
• Acceptance
• Achievement
• Affection
Happiness & Unhappiness
Concepts
• Happiness varies at different times in the life
span
• Happiness at one age does not guarantee
happiness in other ages
• At every age there are sex differences to
happiness
• At every age there are obstacles to happiness
Happiness & Unhappiness
• Factors Influencing Happiness:
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health
physical attractiveness
degree of autonomy
interactional opportunities
type of work, work status
living conditions, material possessions
balance between expectation and achievements
emotional adjustments
attitudes toward an age period
realism of self concepts
Summary: Highligths
Highlights: Growth vs. Development
Growth
Development
• process by w/c a living
• Progressive series of
organism increases in size changes, occur as a result
& mass by multiplication
of maturation &
or enlargement of cells
experience
• Change in number or
• Change in kind, structure
amount
or organization
• quantitative
• qualitative
Highlights: Characteristics of Development
1. Early foundations are critical
2. Each individual is different
3. Maturation & learning are critical
4. Each phase of development has a characteristic behavior
5. Each phase of development have hazards
6. Development follows a definite & predictable [pattern
7. Development is aided by stimulation
8. Development is affected by cultural changes
9. Presence of social expectations for each phase of development
10. Presence of different cultural beliefs about people of all ages
Highlights: Basic Concepts of Human Dev.
 Presence of Different Stages/Periods in the Life
span/Development
> 10 stages in the life span
> 7 periods of development
> 8 periods of the life span
 Different Aspects of Development
a. physical
b. cognitive
c. psychosocial
 Various Influences on Development
a. heredity
b. environment
Highlights: Stages/Periods of Dev/Life Span
10 stages life span
• Prenatal
• Infancy
• Babyhood
• Early Childhood
• Late Childhood
• Puberty
• Adolescence
• Early Adulthood
• Middle Age
• Old Age
7 periods
Prenatal
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Older Adulthood
8
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periods life span
Prenatal
Infancy & Toddlerhood
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle Age
Late adulthood
Highlights: Happiness & unhappiness
 Happiness= life satisfaction
 Essentials: Acceptance, Achievement & Affection
 Concepts:
1. varies at different times in the life span
2. happiness at one age does not guarantee
happiness in other ages
3. at every ages, there are sex differences to
happiness
4. at every age, there are obstacles to happiness