Download Cell Processes and Energy

Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Sources of Energy

Photosynthesis:
The process by which plant cells use water, light, and carbon
dioxide to make energy.
Root Words

Photosynthesis comes from two Greek
words, photo and synthesis.


light
Photo means _______________
Putting together
Synthesis means _______________________
Sources of Energy



Almost all living things obtain energy directly or
indirectly from the sun.
Grass obtains energy directly from the sun by
making its own food.
When an herbivore eats a plant, it obtains some
energy from it, indirectly getting the energy of the
sun.
This process is repeated if a carnivore eats an
herbivore.
Types of Organisms

An organism that makes its own food, like
a plant, is called a
autotroph
____________________.
An organism that cannot make its own food
and must get food from others is called a
heterotroph
_________________________.
The 2 Stages of Photosynthesis



During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon
dioxide, light, and water into oxygen and sugars.
Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’s Energy
The process of capturing light from the sun occurs
leaves
mostly in the ________________
of the plant,
specifically discs called ___thylakoids__


This happens because of the
_____________________,
an organelle filled with
chloroplasts
pigments that absorb light, specifically in
__________________.
thylakoids
The pigment that absorbs light is
chlorophyll
_____________________,
which also gives leaves
their green color.
Stage 2: Using Energy to Make
Food

In the next stage of photosynthesis, the plant uses
carbon dioxide and water to convert the energy of
the sun.

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
Water is absorbed from the soil, and carbon dioxide
enters the leaves of the plant through
stomata
_______________,
small openings on the leaves.
All of these things then get moved into the
chloroplasts.
The energy from the sun is used to power the chemical
reaction.


The chemical reaction produces a six-carbon
sugar called ____________________
with
glucose
the chemical formula
______________________.
C6H12O6
The other product of photosynthesis is
oxygen
_______________________,
which exits the
leaves through the stomata.
Almost all of the atmosphere of the Earth was
produced by photosynthesis.
The Photosynthesis Equation

The events of photosynthesis can be summarized
by the following equation:
The things on the left side of the arrow are known
reactants
as _____________________.
 The things on the right side of the arrow are
products
known as _____________________.
Once the plant creates glucose, it uses some as food,
uses some to create cellulose to make cell walls,
or store the food for later.

Respiration
What is Respiration
 Respiration
Is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose by
Breaking down simple food molecules

All living things carry out respiration
animal
constantly, both _________________
and
plant
________________
cells.
Storing and Releasing Energy


During photosynthesis, plants capture energy and
then store it in the form of
carbohydrates
__________________________,
mostly
sugar
________________
and
_______________________.
starches
Animal cells obtain energy from food the
organism takes in.
When a cell needs energy, it takes stored
carbohydrates and breaks them down.
Breathing and Respiration

Respiration is often confused with the term
for breathing, so it is often called
cellular
___________________
respiration for
clarity.
The First Stage

The first stage takes place in the
cytoplasm
______________________.
glucose
Molecules of _______________________
are broken down into smaller molecules
and only a little energy is released.
The Second Stage


The second stage of respiration takes place
mitochondria
in the _________________________.
The small molecules from the first step are
oxygen
broken down using ___________________
and it releases a lot of energy
Two other products of respiration are
Carbon dioxide
_______________________
and
water
______________________.
The Respiration Equation

The overall equation for respiration is the
following:

The reactants needed for respiration are:
Glucose and oxygen
Plants make their own sugar to start the
reaction, but the sugar needed for other
organisms comes from the food they consume.
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Respiration

Photosynthesis and respiration are
opposite
____________________
equations.
They form a cycle that keeps levels of
oxygen
__________________
and
Carbon dioxide
______________________
fairly constant.
Fermentation

Some cells are able to obtain energy without
oxygen
needing _________________.


anaerobic
These are _________________
processes
Some organisms live where there is little oxygen
and so they complete a process called
fermentation.
The amount of energy gained is
lower
_________________
than with cellular
respiration.
Alcoholic Fermentation


One type of fermentation occurs when
yeasts break down sugar.
This process is called alcoholic
fermentation be alcohol is one of the
products
__________________.
Carbon dioxide
The others are ___________________
and
energy
__________________.
Other Types of Fermentation


The other type of fermentation is
____________________________
fermentation.
Lactic acid
While exercising, your body cannot take in
enough oxygen to continue cellular respiration.
They complete fermentation to continue making
energy, but another product is lactic acid, which is
burn
why muscles __________________
and can feel
weak after hard exercise.
Cell Division
MITOSIS
Mitosis
The process of cell division which results
in the production of two daughter cells
from a single parent cell.
The daughter cells are identical to
one another and to the parent cell.
Mitosis can be divided into stages
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase & Cytokinesis

Interphase
The
cell
prepares
for
division
Animal Cell



DNA replicated
Organelles replicated
Cell increases in size

Plant Cell

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
DNA replicated
Organelles replicated
Cell increases in size
Interphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear division

Animal Cell

Packages DNA into
chromosomes

Plant cell

Packages DNA into
chromosomes
Prophase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Metaphase
The cell prepares chromosomes for division

Animal Cell


Chromosomes line up
at the center of the cell
Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere

Plant Cell


Chromosomes line up
at the center of the cell
Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere
Metaphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
Animal Cell

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Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
½ of each
chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell

Plant Cell

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Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
½ of each
chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell
Anaphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Telophase and Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm divides

Animal Cell

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DNA spreads out
2 nuclei form
Cell wall pinches in to
form the 2 new
daughter cells

Plant Cell
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DNA spreads out
2 nuclei form
New cell wall forms
between to nuclei to
form the 2 new
daughter cells
Telophase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
The Cell Cycle
Structure of DNA



DNA looks like a twisted
ladder
Each side is made up of
molecules of sugar called
deoxyribose
_____________
alternating
phosphates
with molecules of __________
Each “rung” of the ladder is
made up of a pair
Nitrogen bases
___________________
Nitrogen Bases

DNA has four types of nitrogen bases

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Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
guanine
_____________
pairs with ____________
thymine
and ____________
pairs with
____________
cytosine
DNA Replication



The first step of replication is the DNA unwinding
and the two sides of the ladder separating.
Then, nitrogen bases floating in the nucleus pair up
with each half of the DNA strand
identical
This makes two _______________
DNA molecules
from one.
Cancer
What is Cancer

Cancer is:
A disease in which cells divide and grow uncontrollably,
damaging parts of the body around them



Cancer begins when something damages the
DNA in a chromosome, causing a
mutation
__________________.
This can sometimes cause cells to divide
uncontrollably
___________________,
which makes the cells
too large.
tumor
Over time, this forms a ________________.
How Cancer Spreads


As the tumor grows and the cells divide,
the cells develop more and more mutations
Pieces of the tumor may break off and enter
bloodstream
the __________________
to settle
elsewhere and create new tumors
Treating and Preventing Cancer

There are 3 common ways to treat cancer:
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

If cancer is detected early,
surgery
________________
is usually the best
option. If it has already spread,
radiation
______________
is commonly used.
Chemotherapy
 Is:
The use of poisonous drugs to treat a disease.

Often used in with radiation.
Preventing Cancer

You can reduce your risk of cancer by:
Not smoking, eating healthy foods, staying active

It is also important to limit exposure to
UV rays
_______________
to avoid skin cancer.