Download Section 1 The Circulatory System Chapter 46 Objectives Describe

Chapter 46
Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Section 2 Blood
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of the human
heart.
• Trace the flow of blood through the heart and body.
• Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries
in terms of their structure and function.
• Distinguish between pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation.
• Summarize the functions of the lymphatic system.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart
• The circulatory system is made up of the
cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
– The cardiovascular system is made up of the
the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
– The lymphatic system is made up of the lymph,
lymph nodes, and the lymph vessels.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• The heart is the central organ of the
cardiovascular system.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Some of the important parts of the heart are
described below.
– The septum separates the heart vertically into
two sides.
– The atrium is an upper chamber of the heart
that receives blood that is returning to the
heart.
– A ventricle is a lower chamber of the heart that
pumps blood out of the heart.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• The valves are flaps of tissue that control the flow
of the fluid.
• There are two types of valves: the atrioventricular
valves and the semilunar valves.
– The atrioventricular valves prevent blood from
flowing backward into the atria.
– The semilunar valves prevent blood from
flowing back into the ventricles when the heart
relaxes.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Circulation in the Heart
– Path of blood as it circulates through the
heart:
– Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
– The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood
into the right ventricle.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Circulation in the Heart, continued
– The muscles of the right ventricle contract and
force blood into the pulmonary arteries.
– The pulmonary artery sends blood to the
lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out
of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the
blood.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Circulation in the Heart, continued
– The muscles of the right ventricle contract and
force blood into the pulmonary arteries.
– The pulmonary artery sends blood to the
lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out
of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the
blood.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Circulation in the Heart, continued
– The muscular walls of the left ventricle
contract and force blood into a large blood
vessel.
• This blood vessel is called the aorta, and it
carries blood from the left ventricle to the
rest of the body.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Control of the Heartbeat
– The heart contracts its muscle cells in waves.
– The first group of heart-muscle cells that are
stimulated lie in an area of the heart known as
the sinoatrial node.
• The sinoatrial (SA) node is a group of
specialized heart-muscle cells that lies at
the junction of the superior vena cava and
the right atrium and regulates the
contraction of the heart.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Control of the Heartbeat, continued
– The electrical impulse initiated by the SA node
eventually reaches another special area of the
heart, known as the atrioventricular (AV) node.
• The atrioventricular (AV) node is a group of
specialized heart-muscle cells that is
located between the right atrium and right
ventricle and generates electrical impulses
that cause the ventricles of the heart to
contract.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Electrical Regulation
of the Heart
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Control of the Human Heartbeat
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Control of the Heartbeat, continued
– A heartbeat has two phases.
• Phase one is called systole and occurs
when the ventricles contract, closing the AV
valves and opening the SL valves to pump
blood into the two major vessels that exit
the heart.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
The Heart, continued
• Control of the Heartbeat, continued
• Phase two is called diastole and occurs
when the ventricles relax, allowing the back
pressure of the blood to close the SL valves
and opening the AV valves.
• A series of pressure waves are caused by
the contractions of the left ventricle when it
forces blood through the arteries. This is
called a pulse.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels
• The circulatory system is known as a closed
system because the blood is contained within
either the heart or the blood vessels at all times.
• The blood vessels that are part of the human
circulatory system form a vast network to help
keep the blood flowing in one direction.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Anatomy of a Human Heart
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Arteries and Blood Pressure
– The large, muscular vessels that carry blood
away from the heart and to the body are called
arteries.
– Arteries are made up of three layers: an inner
endothelial layer, a middle layer of smooth
muscle, and an outer layer of connective
tissue.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Arteries and Blood Pressure, continued
– As the heart moves the blood through the
arteries, it produces a great force against the
inside walls of a blood vessel. This force is
known as blood pressure.
– High blood pressure, or hypertension, can
place a strain on the walls of the arteries and
could cause that artery to burst.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Arteries and Blood Pressure, continued
– In order to measure blood pressure, systolic
pressure and diastolic pressure must be
measured.
– Systolic pressure, measured first, is the
pressure of the blood when the ventricles
contract.
– Diastolic pressure, measured second,
indicates the steady flow of blood through
the artery.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Capillaries and Veins
– From the artery, a series of smaller vessels
called arterioles carry the blood to capillaries.
– The capillaries are a vast network of tiny
vessels that allow an exchange between the
blood and the cells to occur.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Capillaries and Veins, continued
– After cells interact with the blood, the blood
goes back to the heart. To do this, capillaries
merge to form venules.
– These venules are connected to a vein. A vein
is a bundle of vascular tissue that transports
fluids and nutrients back to the heart.
– Veins are made up of three layers:
endothelium, smooth muscle, and
connective tissue.
Chapter 46
Blood Vessels
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Types of Blood Vessels
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation
• The heart and blood vessels
work together to form a
continuous, closed system of
circulation.
• This system contains two
subsystems: the pulmonary
circulation and the systemic
circulation.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Circulatory Pathway in the Human Body
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Anatomy of the Human Cardiovascular System
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation, continued
• Pulmonary Circulation
– Pulmonary circulation is the circulation of the
blood as it travels between the heart and
lungs.
– Pulmonary circulation brings the
deoxygenated blood that comes into the heart
to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood
back to the heart for distribution to the body.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation, continued
• Systemic Circulation
– Systemic circulation is the circulation of the
blood between the heart and all other body
tissues.
– Systemic circulation has several subsystems,
including coronary circulation, hepatic portal
circulation, and renal circulation.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation, continued
• Systemic Circulation, continued
– Coronary circulation is the systemic
circulation that supplies blood to the heart
itself.
• If blood flow in the coronary arteries
(arteries that supply blood to the heart) is
reduced or cut off, muscle cells will die.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation, continued
• Systemic Circulation, continued
– Hepatic portal circulation is the systemic
circulation that supplies blood between the
liver and the small intestines.
– Renal circulation is the systemic circulation
that supplies blood to the kidneys.
Chapter 46
Circulatory
Loops in the
Human Body
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Lymphatic System
• The circulatory system also includes the
lymphatic system.
• The lymphatic system returns fluids that have
collected in the tissues to the bloodstream.
• Excess fluid in the tissues, called lymph, moves
into the tiny vessels of the lymphatic system by
diffusion.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Lymphatic System, continued
• Lymph vessels are similar to blood vessels but
are also different in many ways.
• Lymph is filtered through small organs known as
lymph nodes to trap tissue debris and other
foreign particles.
– Lymph nodes also store lymphocytes, white
blood cells that are specialized to fight
disease.
Chapter 46
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Lymphatic System
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Objectives
• List the components of blood.
• Distinguish between red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets in terms of their structure and
function.
• Summarize the process of blood clotting.
• Explain what determines the compatibility of blood
types for transfusion.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Composition of Blood
• Blood is composed of a liquid medium—plasma—
and blood solids–red and white blood cells and
platelets.
• Plasma
– Plasma is a sticky, straw-colored fluid that is
about 90 percent water and includes metabolites,
nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins.
– Plasma provides cells with nourishment and
carries various proteins.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Composition of Blood, continued
• Red Blood Cells
– A red blood cell is a disc-shaped cell that has
no nucleus and transports oxygen to cells in
all parts of the body.
– Immature red blood cells synthesize large
amounts of an iron-containing protein called
hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the molecule that
transports oxygen.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Composition of Blood, continued
• White Blood Cells
– White blood cells are cells in the blood that
destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxic proteins
and helps the body develop immunities.
– In addition to different functions, white blood
cells also have a different structure and life
span than red blood cells.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Composition of Blood, continued
• White Blood Cells, continued
– There are several types of white blood cells,
including phagocytes and antibodies.
• Phagocytes are cells that engulf and digest
foreign matter or microorganisms.
• Antibodies are proteins that react to a
specific type of invader or inactivate or
destroy toxins.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Composition of Blood
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types
• Red blood cells have surface proteins that are
used to classify a person’s blood. The type of
surface protein determines a person’s blood type.
• The surface proteins on a red blood cell or on an
invading pathogen are called antigens.
• The most important human antigens are A, B, and
Rh. They form two systems of blood typing: the
A-B-O system and the Rh system.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types, continued
• A-B-O System
– The A-B-O system is a means of classifying
blood by the antigens located on the surface of
the red blood cells and the antibodies
circulating in the plasma.
– If blood of a different type is introduced into
the body it will be treated as a foreign invader
and the antigen-antibody reaction will be
produced, with some exceptions.
Chapter 46
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types, continued
• Rh System
– The Rh system is based on the presence or
absence of the Rh antigen.
– A person with Rh antigens is Rh positive; a
person without Rh antigens is Rh negative.
– Similar complications to those of the ABO
system can occur if blood containing the
wrong Rh antigens is transfused into a person.
Chapter 46
Blood Types
Section 2 Blood
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Objectives
• Differentiate external respiration from internal
respiration.
• Trace the path of air from the atmosphere to the
bloodstream.
• Describe how gases are exchanged in the lungs and
transported in the bloodstream.
• Summarize the skeletal and muscular changes that
occur during breathing.
• Describe how the rate of breathing is controlled.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration
• The function of the respiratory system is to
exchange gases with the cardiovascular system.
• The respiratory system involves both external
respiration and internal respiration.
– External respiration is the exchange of gases
between the atmosphere and the blood.
– Internal respiration is the exchange of gases
between the blood and the cells of the body.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Parts of the Human Respiratory System
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Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Lungs
• The lungs are the central organs of the
respiratory system in which gases are
exchanged.
• The lungs are located inside the thoracic cavity,
which is bound by the rib cage and the
diaphragm.
• In order to decrease friction from movement of
the lungs during breathing, the entire cavity and
the lungs are coated with a slippery fluid secreted
by membranes, called pleura.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Lungs, continued
• The Path of Air
– External respiration begins at the mouth and at
the nose.
– Air is filtered and moistened by various parts of
the nose and mouth and them moves into the
throat.
• The throat is also called the pharynx and is a
tube at the back of the nasal cavity and the
mouth.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Lungs, continued
• The Path of Air, continued
– Air then moves from the pharynx through the
epiglottis into a cartilaginous tube, called the
trachea.
• The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that
hangs at the entrance of the larynx and
directs food and air to the correct places.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Lungs, continued
• The Path of Air, continued
– At the end of the trachea, the air moves into
the two bronchi.
• Each of the bronchi lead from the trachea to
the lungs.
– The air moves through the bronchi and then
into the smaller tubes called the bronchioles
that branch from the bronchi.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
The Lungs, continued
• The Path of Air, continued
– Air finally makes its way through the
bronchioles to the place where gas exchange
takes place—alveoli.
– Gas exchange is facilitated by the enormous
amount of surface area in the lungs.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Gas Exchange and Transport
• Gas Exchange in the Lungs
– When air enters the lungs, the oxygen in the air
crosses the thin alveolar membranes and the
capillary walls and dissolves into the blood by
diffusion.
– Carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction,
also by diffusion, and crosses the capillary walls
and thin alveolar membranes to enter the alveoli.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Hemoglobin and the Transport of Oxygen
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Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Gas Exchange and Transport, continued
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide
– Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood and either
stays in the plasma, binds to hemoglobin, or
reacts with water to produce bicarbonate ions.
– Bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to
form carbonic acid, which in turn forms carbon
dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide diffuses
out of the capillaries into the alveoli and is
exhaled into the atmosphere.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Blood and the Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Mechanism of Breathing
• Breathing is the process of moving air into and
out of the lungs.
• Inspiration is the process of taking air into the
lungs.
• When a deep breath is taken, the chest and ribs
expand.
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Mechanism of Breathing, continued
• The expansion of the chest and ribs occurs with
help from the diaphragm, which is a large skeletal
muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from
the abdominal cavity and the abdominal wall.
• Expiration is the process of releasing air from the
lungs. When this happens, the diaphragm and rib
muscles relax, which forces the lungs to
deflate.
Chapter 46
Inhalation and
Exhalation
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Chapter 46
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Mechanism of Breathing, continued
• Regulation of Breathing
– Both rate and depth of breathing change in
order to provide oxygen and eliminate carbon
dioxide from cells.
– The rate of breathing is controlled by the brain
and brain stem by monitoring the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
– All the activities used to regulate breathing are
controlled subconsciously by the brain.