Download TERPINEOL

PHARMACEUTICALS
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MADE BY:
KUNDANIKA PATEL(130110105028)
PARTH SOLANKY(130110105054)
JINKAL TADVI(130110105056)
KINAR THAKORE(130110105058)
VIGNESH IYER(130110105061)
•The
pharmaceutical industry develops,
produces, and markets drugs or
pharmaceuticals licensed for use as
medications.
•Pharmaceutical
companies are allowed to
deal in generic or brand medications and
medical devices.
•They
are subject to a variety of laws and
regulations regarding the patenting, testing
and ensuring safety and efficacy and
marketing of drugs.
CONT...
India is now among the top five
pharmaceutical emerging markets of the
world.
 The government started to encourage the
growth of drug manufacturing by Indian
companies in the early 1960s, and with the
Patents Act in 1970. This patent act
removed composition patents from food
and drugs, and though it kept process
patents, these were shortened to a period
of five to seven years.

CONT...
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In 1901 Acharya p.c.ray started
first indian pharmaceutical
company
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Till independence multinational
were directly operating

In 1970s product patent was
replaced by process patent
DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMA IN
INDIA

1970 saw the emergence of Indian
pharmaceutical industry
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This led to the expansion of bulk drug
industry

Various subsidies and infrastructural
facilities enabled the expansion &
spread of the industry in various states.
CONT...

70s & 80s also saw the launch of new
products in the Cardio vascular, neuro,
Psycho-somatic, Gastro Renal, Anti
Fungal and Anti inflammatory segments.

New products like Co-trimoxazole,
Diltiazem, Diclofenac Sodium were
some of the products launched.
Top Ten Pharmaceutical Organizations In
India
Ranbaxy
Dr Reddys Laboratories
Cipla
Sun Pharma Industries
Lupin Labs
Aurobindo Pharma
GlaxoSmithKline Pharma
Cadila Healthcare
Aventis Pharma
Ipca Laboratories
SOME COMMON
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

ASPIRIN
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TERPINEOL

IBUPREFON
ASPIRIN
Aspirin ,also known
as acetylsalicylic acid is
a salicylate drug, often
used as an analgesic to
relieve minor aches and
pains, as an antipyretic to
reduce fever, and as
an antiinflammatory medication.
SYNTHESIS:
ASPIRIN IS PRODUCED BY KOLBE’S PROCESS
USES:
•Aspirin is used to reduce fever and
relieve mild to moderate pain from
conditions such as muscle aches,
toothaches, common cold, and
headaches.
•It may also be used to reduce pain
and swelling in conditions such as
arthritis.
• Aspirin is known as a salicylate and
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID).
SIDE EFFECTS
INTRODUCTION
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Terpineol is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol
that has been isolated from a variety of sources such
as cajuput oil, pine oil, and petitgrain oil.
Terpineol is non-toxic & has a pleasant odor similar to
lilac and is a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics,
and flavors.
α-Terpineol is one of the two most
abundant aroma constituents of lapsang souchong tea;
the α-terpineol originates in the pine smoke used to dry
the tea.
α-Terpineol is a chemical constituent of scullcap.

IUPAC name:
2-(4-Methyl-1-cyclohex-3-enyl)propan-2-ol
 Other names
 α-Terpineol
 p-Menth-1-en-8-ol
 α,α,4-Trimethylcyclohex-3-ene-1-methanol
 Terpene alcohol
PROPERTIES:Molecular formula-C10H18O
 Molar mass-154.25 g mol−1
 Density-0.9338 g/cm3
 Melting point-18 °C (64 °F; 291 K)
 Boiling point-219 °C 81-82 °C at 4.5 mmHg
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MANUFACTURING:Although it is naturally occurring, terpineol is commonly
manufactured from the more readily available α-pinene.
 Limonene(1) is reacted with trifluoroacetic acid in
a Markovnikov addition to a trifluoroacetate(2) intermediate,
which is easily hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide(NaOH) to
α-terpineol(3)with 76% selectivity. Side-products are the βterpineol in a mixture of cis-isomer, trans-isomer, and 4terpineol.
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USES:
This product is a common ingredient used in flavour and
fragrance preparations. It can also be used in
disinfectant cleaners, specialty inks and synthesis.

Terpineol, a volatile
terpenoid alcohol of low
toxicity, is widely used in the
perfumery industry. It is an
important chemical
constituent of the essential
oil of many plants with
widespread applications in
folk medicine and in
aromatherapy.
Terpineol has been previously
shown to increase the absorption
of lipid-soluble substances
through the skin, and to possess
antimicrobial, antispasmodic and
immunostimulant properties .
 It has a compatible antifungal
activity against fungi involved in
human infections and food
contamination.
 Terpineol with chloroxylenol
makes a perfect antiseptic, so it
is used in Dettol.
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CONT…
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According to researches, the anti-inflammatory &
antinociceptive properties of terpineol on
mechanical hypernociceptive suggest that it might
be used in development of clinically relevant drugs
for management of painful & inflammatory
diseases.
IBUPROFEN
IBUPROFEN
GENERAL INFORMATION : Ibuprofen is
anonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID) derivative of propionic
acid used for relieving pain, helping with
fever and reducing inflammation. It is an
optically active compound with both S and Risomers, of which the S (dextrorotatory)
isomer is the more biologically active, this
isomer has also been isolated and used
medically.
MEDICINAL USE
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Ibuprofen is used primarily
for fever (including postimmunisation fever), mild-tomoderate pain (including pain
relief after surgery),painful
periods and inflammatory
diseases such
as osteoarthritis, juvenile
idiopathic arthritis, dental
pain, headache, migraine and
rheumatoid arthritis.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
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Ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of
cyclooxygenase, an enzyme involved in
prostaglandin synthesis via the
arachidonic acid pathway. Its
pharmacological effects are believed to
be due to inhibition cyclooxygenase-2
(COX-2) which decreases the synthesis
of prostaglandins involved in mediating
inflammation, pain, fever and swelling.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
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Physical properties : It is practically
insoluble in water but very soluble in
most organic solvents
(like ethanol, methanol, acetone and dic
hloromethane).
Cont...
(R)Ibuprofen
(S)Ibuprofen
Cont...
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :
Stereochemistry
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Ibuprofen is produced industrially as
a racemate. The compound, like other 2arylpropionate derivatives does contain a
chiral center in the α-position of
the propionate moiety. So two enantiomers of
ibuprofen occur, with the potential for different
biological effects and metabolism for each
enantiomer. Indeed, the (S)-(+)-ibuprofen
(dexibuprofen) was found to be the active form
both in vitro and in vivo.
SYNTHESI
S:
•Everyday,
hundreds of tons of
pharmaceutical drugs and related
molecules are discarded in the
environment.
•The molecules which are a part of
the manufacturing process are
regulated by the central and state
PCBs; however there is little or no
regulation on drugs or metabolites
introduced in the environment
secondary to human and
veterinary use.
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The concerns of this dumping are manifold:
1) Drugs/metabolites interact with one another
and while they may not be harmful alone, the
interactions between various compounds can
result in unknown effects which may not always
be quantifiable.
2) While most of these drugs/metabolites are not
harmful to humans, they may still be harmful to
micro-organisms and smaller organisms like
annelids, fishes etc.
3) Excretion of some compounds may be in
miniscule amounts but such continued exposure
may result in change in biological behaviour of
various plant and animal species in aquatic as
well as terrestrial biomes.
CONT...
4) The risk is multiplied when biomagnification of the drug/metabolite
in the food chain is taken into
account.
5) Accumulation of certain cancer
drugs, steroids and oral
contraceptives in worms and fishes
results in change in their
reproductive behaviour, which
causes a decrease in quality and
quantity of food for organisms
higher up the food chain.
HEALTH IMPACTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL
DRUGS
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Pharmaceutical Industry has played a mammoth role in
prolonging the lives of humans. The average life
expectancy in the world during the 1600s was 30 years;
now it is 71 years. The advent of modern pharmaceuticals
has increased man’s lifespan by more than 100%.
From dying of a simple Staph infection almost 300 years to
curing many types of cancer, humans have come a long
way.
Diseases such as HIV-AIDS, TB, Leprosy etc which still
carry a social stigma in some parts of India can either now
be managed or have been eradicated through the
breakthroughs of the pharmaceutical drugs.
THE FLIPSIDE....
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Newer drugs have prolonged the lives of
humans by many years This has created a
tremendous burden on natural resources
and other plant and animal species of the
world.
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Since drugs are now produced and are
thus available on a large scale, they are
used for purposes which were not intended
for their use.
EXAMPLE OF MISUSAGE...
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For example, poultry farms give antibiotics
to freshly hatched chicks in order to
increase their meat quantity as well as to
prevent them from infections. When
humans consume such meat, the
antibiotics accumulate in them and cause
health hazards. Also, such casual exposure
to antibiotics causes bacterial resistance as
a result of which humans need stronger
antibiotics for treatment in case of an
actual infection.
CONT...
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Another health hazard is that of Drug Abuse.
Pharmaceutical drugs are the third-most abused
substance around the world, next to alcohol and
marijuana.

Millions of people die every year due to drug abuse. Most
abused drugs include metamphetamine hydrochloride; a
CNS stimulant (crystal meth), diazepam; a sedative
(Valium), Oxycodone; an opioid analgesic (Vicodin) and
other psychoactive drugs.
REMEDY...
To compound the problem, the National
Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)
has recently brought many abuse-prone
drugs under price control as a result of
which they are available at cheap rates.
 Proper prescription-bound sale along-with
physician education in identifying drugseeking behaviour is essential to curb the
menace of abuse of these pharmaceutical
drugs.
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS

It has already been mentioned that
pharmaceutical drugs have played the most
significant role in prolonging human life.

Pharmaceutical Companies which conduct
years of research to make a new drug or
improve the qualities of an old drug spend
millions of rupees and hundreds of hours of
manpower to do so. When they succeed in
developing a new molecule, they introduce it in
the market and price it such that the cost of
R&D is recovered and profits can be reaped;
which may be used for R&D of another new
molecule.
CONT...
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This creates a dilemma for the
consumers, i.e: the patients. This is
particularly worrisome for people in
developing countries like India or lessdeveloped countries like African nations.

Majority of the population cannot have
access to such new drugs, due to their
financial constraints and higher prices of
drugs.