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Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Conception and Implantation Every 28 days an ovum is released from one of a woman’s ovaries and remains viable for approximately 24 hours Once released into the vaginal canal, sperm remain viable for up to 6 days Conception takes place in the fallopian tube where sperm and ovum unite to form the zygote Most conceptions result from intercourse on the day of or the 2 days preceding ovulation. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Conception and Implantation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Periods of Prenatal Development During 38 weeks of pregnancy vast changes take place Period Length Key Events Fertilization Zygote 2 weeks Embryo 6 weeks Fetus 30 weeks (between 7th-9th day) Implantation Start of Placenta,Umbilical Cord Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating “Growth and finishing” Periods of Prenatal Development Embryo Period During the third week, the embryonic disk folds over to form three cell layers ectoderm —becomes the nervous system and skin mesoderm endoderm —from which will develop muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs —becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands Periods of Prenatal Development Prenatal development is sometimes divided into TRIMESTERS, three equal time periods. •First Trimesters- external genitals are well formed and sex of fetus can be determined •Second Trimester-fetus has grown large enough that the mother can feel its movement •Third Trimester- fetus can first survive it born early Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Teratogen Substances Drugs Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Teratogen Substances The harmful prenatal influences caused by teratogens depends on the following factors Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Teratogen Substances Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs Thalidomide Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Repeated use of Aspirin Heavy caffeine intake Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Teratogen Substances Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) Mental impairment is permanent Alcohol requires large quantities of oxygen to metabolize-draws oxygen away from developing embryo or fetus Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Teratogen Substances Environmental Pollution Mercury Polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) Infectious Disease Rubella Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Herpes viruses Toxoplasmosis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Nutrition Infectious Diseases Emotional Stress Rh Blood Factor Age Previous Births Childbirth Stages of Childbirth Dilation and effacement of cervix Birth of baby Delivery of placenta Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 The Baby’s Adaptation to labor and delivery Force of contractions Stress hormones The Apgar Scale Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Classes Relaxation & Breathing Techniques Labor Coach Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 The Three Stages of Birth Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Medical Interventions in Childbirth Fetal Monitoring Medication Analgesics Anesthetics Cesarean Delivery Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Low Birth Weight and Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Preterm Small-for-Date Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy. Interventions for Preterm Infants Isolette Respirator Feeding tube Intravenous medication Special Infant Stimulation Parent Training in Caregiving Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Infant Mortality Around the World Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink Withdrawal Rooting Sucking Swimming Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Moro Palmar Grasp Tonic Neck Stepping Babinski Infant States of Arousal Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Ways to Soothe a Crying Newborn Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Pacifier Ride in carriage, car, swing Combine methods Let cry for short time Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Newborn Sense of Touch Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Sensitive to pain Pain can affect later behavior Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Newborn Sense of Vision Lest developed of senses at birth Unable to see long distances, focus clearly Scan environment and try to track interesting objects Color vision improves in first two months Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004