Download Development Through the Lifespan

Development Through the
Lifespan
Chapter 3
Prenatal Development,
Birth, and the
Newborn Baby
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Conception and Implantation
Every 28 days an ovum is released from one of
a
woman’s ovaries and remains viable
for approximately 24 hours
Once released into the vaginal canal,
sperm remain viable for up to 6 days
Conception takes place in the fallopian tube
where sperm and ovum unite to form the zygote
Most conceptions result from intercourse on
the day of or the 2 days preceding ovulation.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Conception and Implantation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Periods of Prenatal Development
During 38 weeks of pregnancy vast changes take place
Period
Length
Key Events
Fertilization
Zygote
2 weeks
Embryo
6 weeks
Fetus
30 weeks
(between 7th-9th day)
Implantation
Start
of
Placenta,Umbilical Cord
Arms, legs, face, organs,
muscles all develop
Heart begins beating
“Growth
and finishing”
Periods of Prenatal Development
Embryo
Period
During the third week, the embryonic
disk folds over to form three cell layers
ectoderm
—becomes the nervous system and skin
mesoderm
endoderm
—from which will develop muscles,
skeleton, circulatory system, and other
internal organs
—becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary
tract, and glands
Periods of Prenatal Development
Prenatal development is sometimes divided into
TRIMESTERS, three equal time periods.
•First Trimesters- external genitals are well formed and
sex of fetus can be determined
•Second Trimester-fetus has grown large enough that
the mother can feel its movement
•Third Trimester- fetus can first survive it born early
Sensitive Periods in
Prenatal Development
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Teratogen Substances
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Drugs
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Prescription
Nonprescription
Illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
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Teratogen Substances
The harmful prenatal
influences caused by
teratogens depends on
the following factors
 Dose
 Heredity
 Other negative
influences
 Age
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Teratogen Substances
Prescription and
Nonprescription Drugs
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Thalidomide
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Repeated use of Aspirin
Heavy caffeine intake
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Teratogen Substances
Alcohol
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
Mental impairment is
permanent
Alcohol requires large
quantities of oxygen to
metabolize-draws oxygen away
from developing embryo or
fetus
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Teratogen Substances
Environmental Pollution
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Mercury
Polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs)
Infectious Disease
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Rubella
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Herpes viruses
Toxoplasmosis
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Maternal Factors in
Healthy Prenatal Development
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Nutrition
Infectious
Diseases
Emotional Stress
Rh Blood Factor
Age
Previous Births
Childbirth
Stages of
Childbirth
Dilation
and effacement
of cervix
Birth of baby
Delivery
of placenta
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The Baby’s
Adaptation to
labor and delivery
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Force of
contractions
Stress hormones
The Apgar Scale
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
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Elements of Natural, or
Prepared, Childbirth
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Classes
Relaxation &
Breathing
Techniques
Labor Coach
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The Three Stages of Birth
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Medical Interventions
in Childbirth
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Fetal Monitoring
Medication
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Analgesics
Anesthetics
Cesarean
Delivery
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Low Birth Weight
and Disabilities
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Preterm and
Small-for-Date Babies
Preterm
Small-for-Date
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Born weeks before
their due date.
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May be appropriate
weight for length of
pregnancy.
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May be born at
due date or
preterm.
Below expected
weight for length
of pregnancy.
Interventions for
Preterm Infants
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Isolette
Respirator
Feeding tube
Intravenous
medication
Special Infant
Stimulation
Parent Training in
Caregiving
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Infant Mortality
Around the World
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Newborn Reflexes
Eye Blink
 Withdrawal
 Rooting
 Sucking
 Swimming
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Moro
 Palmar Grasp
 Tonic Neck
 Stepping
 Babinski
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Infant States of Arousal
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Regular Sleep
Irregular Sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet Alertness
Waking Activity
and Crying
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Ways to Soothe a
Crying Newborn
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Hold on shoulder and
rock or walk
Swaddle
Pacifier
Ride in carriage, car,
swing
Combine methods
Let cry for short time
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Newborn Sense of Touch
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Reflexive response to
touch on mouth,
palms, soles, genitals
Sensitive to pain
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Pain can affect later
behavior
Relieve pain with
anesthetics, sugar,
gentle holding
Newborn Senses of
Taste and Smell
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Prefer sweet tastes at birth
Quickly learn to like new
tastes
Have odor preferences from
birth
Can locate odors and
identify mother by smell
from birth
Newborn Sense of Hearing
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Can hear a wide
variety of sounds at
birth
Prefer complex
sounds to pure tones
Learn sound patterns
within days
Sensitive to voices
and biologically
prepared to learn
language
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Newborn Sense of Vision
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Lest developed of
senses at birth
Unable to see long
distances, focus
clearly
Scan environment
and try to track
interesting objects
Color vision improves
in first two months
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