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Warm Up: 3-2-1 Write down the following to turn in with your movie handout from yesterday: What are 3 interesting facts you learned about the Rosetta Stone What are 2 Ways the Rosetta stone was involved in world power struggles? What is 1 conclusion you can draw about the relationship between Religion and Power in Egypt based on the Podcast and your learning from Monday & Tuesday this week? Agenda Remember: Project Due Friday @ 2:10 pm Today we cover 2,000 years of Pharaohs in 1 class Tomorrow in class activity to show your knowledge of Egypt based on notes Friday Settlers Monday Test in Early River Civilizations 60% fill in the blank 40% Essay Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations” Egypt on the Nile III. EGYPTIAN CULTURE A. RELIGION 1. Polytheistic a. Over 2,000 Ra, the sun god; Horus, sky god; Isis, mother goddess “giver of life” associated with Nile Above: The pantheon of Egyptian gods* Example of Religious Syncretism Right: The depiction of the seated mother holding the suckling child Horus was a Right: ofimage household gods were often on altars in Egyptian commonImages painted throughout Egypt anddisplayed is reminiscent of the iconography of homes. This is the goddess Taweret one of the most popular. Taweret Mary and Jesus. Also, Horus, being the child of Osiris and Isis – the god of the protected their children thethe risks pregnancy living andmothers the deadand - would grow upagainst to defeat evilduring Seth and cast himand into birth. darkness. Seth eternally strives for revenge, battling Horus at every turn. When The goddess was usually as and a pregnant hippopotamus thethen limbs Horus wins, Maat (justice)depicted is upheld the world is at peace. with Horus protects and paws of a lion and a mane in the form of a crocodile's tail. Her us in this life. Given all that…can you see how the early Christians had an easy frightening appearance was probably meant away evil spirits. after time marketing their new Roman religion to to thescare Egyptians, particularly convincing them that Mary, mother of Jesus, was an incarnation of Isis! ca. 712 - 332 B.C. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations” Egypt on the Nile II. UNITED EGYPT’S GOVERNMENT C. The Pharaoh [means, royal house] – the ruler of Egypt 1. were considered gods; served both political and religious roles Define Type of government where the political rulers are thought to be type of divinely-guided, or even divine themselves is a theocracy. government 2. Believed each pharaoh ruled even after death, because they all possessed the same eternal spirit = ka; and being god, naturally bore full responsibility for Egypt’s well-being. 3. Therefore, Pharaoh’s tomb very important, because it was still a place of rule. Built massive tombs called pyramids. 4. The pyramids were built mainly in the Old Kingdom Period. The Great Pyramids at Giza. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Mummies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMs_IGKxMu0 EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD 2920-2575 BCE • Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes. • Foundation of the capital Memphis. • Early Step Pyramid is built at Saqqara. OLD KINGDOM - 2660-2180 BCE • The Great Pyramids of Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), Menkaure (Mycerinus) are built at Giza. • Pyramids of Sahure, Neferirkare, Raneferef, Neuserre are built at Abusir. MIDDLE KINGDOM 2180-1550 BCE • Fragmentation of centralized power. • Kings in Thebes establish control over all Egypt. • Chaos leads central administration in Lower Egypt to disappear following infiltration by Hyksos, an Asiatic people in the Nile Delta. • Upper Egypt dominated by kings in Thebes. (CH 2 Coverage) ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------NEW KINGDOM 1550-1070 BCE (CH 4 Coverage) • Theban king Ahmose expels the Hyksos and reunites Egypt. • Reigns of such kings as Amenhotep and Thutmose (Thutmosis). Memphis now main residential city. • Ramses II (1290- 1224 BC) divides power in Middle East with the Hittites; Qantir capital of Egypt. • Invasions of mysterious sea peoples wreck havoc throughout Mediterranean region. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Future history…. • Alexander the Great of Macedonia / Greece conquers and the Ptolemy dynasty governs; 332 – 30 BC • After the defeat of Cleopatra, the last Ptolemy ruler, the Roman emperors exploit Egypt as the main production center of wheat, papyrus and textiles for the vast Roman Empire; 30 BC – 394 AD PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Timeline Old Kingdom 2650 BC – 2181 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 BC – 1650 BC New Kingdom 1550 BC – 1095 BC Why is this different? Do you notice anything about the dates? Rise & Fall of Power Pt 1 Pharaoh Djoser, Snefru & Kufu (Cheops in Greek) expand power and build the Pyramids Between Each “Kingdom” Egypt’s United power falls and we don’t see a unified government or great building projects nd 2 Hyskos in Intermediate Period They came from Syria and Palestine. They introduce technologies such as the horse drawn chariot, and the compound bow, copper arrowheads and daggers. The Hyskos are eventually overthrown with the same technology they introduced. The New Kingdom The most well known Pharaohs come from this period Egypt was at the height of its power Great Building Projects and Territorial Expansion to place The New Kingdom 1550 BCE saw the age of conquering pharaohs. Thotmoses I, and III would conquer Mesopotamia and Nubia. Hatshesput would disguise herself as a man and reign as pharaoh for 22 years. She would build the temple Dier El-Bahri Engravings at Karnak Why do we know how to read these again? Amenhotep & Aten Amenhotep IV would change the Egyptian religion to a monotheistic religion called the Amarana Revolution. They could only worship the Sun god Aton. Amenhotep = Akenaton No physical form – just sun rays Earliest known monotheism in the world! Did he steal it from the Jews or did the Jews steal it from him? Ramses 1320-1070 Wait, How many years did he rule??? All the Ramses had to fight various enemies Ramses II (The Great!) signed one of the world’s first peace treaties Liked himself a lot: Pharoah’s of the New Kingdom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ukJSMlazc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOVb9PfOGCU Collapse of Egyptian Dominance The end of Egypt’s dominance as a power coincided with the end of the Bronze age civilizations all over the middle east including Canaan (which Egypt Ruled under Ramses This Collapse leaves way for the development of new groups of civilizations…..one of which would impact the world in the way that no other ancient civilization does….Guess Who?