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WWII & Cold War 1939 • • Poland the “Phony War” • • sitzkreig Maginot Line vs Siegfried Line 1940 • • • • • • • • • April--Denmark and Norway taken May--BENELUX nations taken June “Miracle of Dunkirk”/(Henri Petain) Charles de Gaulle Vichy, France collaborators or partisans Festung Europa quislings Winston Churchill Battle of Britain • • • • • • • Summer of 1940-May 10, 1941 “The Blitz”--September 1940--focus on Britain’s cities Operation Sea Lion Luftwaffe vs. RAF October 1940 night raids radar & Enigma British resistance causes Hitler to turn attention to Eastern Europe and Mediterranean Sea--Hitler could be blocked Mussolini • Italy was neutral at start of war • “I need a few thousand dead”. • Joined Hitler’s forces in France. • September 1940--troops moved east from Libya • goal--seize British Egypt and Suez Canal as the key to the oil fields of the Middle East • Italian disaster--130,000 prisoners taken by British • Hitler sent in General Erwin Rommel-- 1941 • Balkans became a key to the later invasion of the USSR--bases • Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary joined the Axis powers • Yugoslavia and Greece resists but fall in April • Lend-Lease Act • August 9--Atlantic Charter Soviet Union • Operation Barbarossa begins June 22, 1941 • Leningrad surrounded by September 8 • Leningrad refused to surrender • Hitler turned to Moscow instead from October to December • Soviets counter attack (General Zhukov) • Hitler says “no retreat”--Germans dig in but don’t take Moscow The Jewish Question • 1935 Nuremburg Laws • 1938 Kristallnacht • 1938 refugee policies • 1938 ghetto policy • 1939 Slave labor camps • 1942 The Final Solution • Jewish resistance Choices • Collaboration • working with the enemy--treason • French fascists controlled Vichy, France • Norwegian fascists led by Vidkun Quisling (PM)--a “quisling” = traitor • Resistance movement • working against the enemy secretly--partisans • activities: USA • Japan and the Pacific: • December 7, 1941 • Three theaters of the war: Turning Points • January 1942 United Nations against the Axis powers • USA: Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway • Soviet demands a second front immediately • North Africa: El Alamein • Italy invasion: Sicily falls in 1943 • Stalingrad Stalingra d • “Great Patriotic War” • Lend-Lease act applied to Soviets • “General Winter” • Only 9000 German soldiers returned home out of 300,000 • Death toll: D-Day • June 6, 1944 • Normandy • German responses • attempted assassination of Hitler July 20 • December Battle of the Bulge • VI rockets launched (Pinnemunde) The War End • April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide • May 8 VE day • August 6 Hiroshima • August 9 Nagasaki--VJ Day • Total dead at 60 million • Nuremberg Trials--22 Nazi leaders charged • “crimes against humanity” • legal precedent: A soldier is morally and legally responsible to defy the wartime commands of a superior if those commands involve the massacre of helpless civilians Civilians • More than 50% of war dead were civilians (starvation, enslavement, massacre, genocide) • modern warfare included: • terrorizing civilians: collective rape • aerial bombing of cities: Dresden, Rotterdam, Warsaw, Stalingrad, Hiroshima, Nagasaki Deciding the Future of • The Big ThreeEurope • 1942-1945 meetings at Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam • coordinated attacks on Germany and Japan and discussed postwar Europe and Japan • unconditional surrender • Germany would be disarmed and denazified and occupied by US, USSR, Britain, France The Cold War and Postwar Economic Recovery 1945-1970 Allied Conferences • Atlantic Charter (1941)→ • Moscow (1942)→ • Casablanca (1943)→ • Teheran (1943)→ • Yalta (1945)→ • Potsdam (1945)→ A Cold War develops • how to reconstruct Europe after the war • A diplomatic hostility between the 2 superpowers (ideologies) • use of spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations against each other • 1945-1991 • represented antagonisms and rivalries-geopolitics and ideology • no direct military conflict--war of words and indirect conflicts with proxy nations • started at the end of WWII--Yalta conference The Iron Curtain • Winston Churchill (1874-1965) • speech given in Missouri in 1946 • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” • Europe becomes a pawn between the Superpowers. 1946-1947 • “satellite” nations • Containment--Harry Truman • Greece & Turkey--Truman Doctrine • European Recovery Act • Marshall Plan • Comintern Crisis in Germany • Germany divided into 4 occupation zones • Berlin divided into 4 occupation zones • Deutsche mark • 1949 Berlin blockade & airlift • 1949--2 German governments established • Federal Republic of Germany→Bonn→West Germany • Chancellor Konrad Adenauer • German Democratic Republic→East Berlin→East Germany • Walter Ulbricht Marshall Plan • European Recovery Act→worst winters on record→communist agitation • proposal to give aid to any country that needed it→Soviets called it U.S. imperialism • Congress approved the plan in 1948 just as the Soviets seized Czechoslovakia • $12.5 billion aid program by 1953 • biggest success in West Germany (&Yugoslavia)--”economic miracle”-Wirtschaftswunder--became leading industrial nation • widened the gap between east and west New Alliances • 1949 Atlantic Pact becomes NATO • 1950 Warsaw Pact • 1955 SEATO • Charles de Gaulle challenges NATO Hots spots in the Cold War • 1950 Korean War • domino theory • U.S. takes France’s place in Vietnam in 1954 • Middle East • Latin America • Africa-decolonization-Third World Arms Race • July 16, 1945--atomic bomb (A-bomb)-Manhattan Project--White Sands, New Mexico (splitting the atom) • August 6, 1945--Hiroshima--73,000 dead • 1949--Soviets--A-bomb • 1953--Hydrogen bomb (USA & USSR)-thermonuclear weapon (fusion of the atom) • “nuclear club” members • ICBM’s • new vocabulary • brinkmanship • goals of new weapons • respond to any attack with devastating force • discourage attacks Sputnik • October 4, 1957-first satellite into space • results-• Nikita Khrushchev boast-- Post Stalin Era • Stalin dies in 1953 • De-Stalinization process: • Nikita Khrushchev • 1956 secret speech • “peaceful coexistence” with the West 1960’s • President Eisenhower suggest a “open skies” policy to reduce tension in the air • Soviet Union rejects this • CIA authorizes secret highaltitude spy planes over Soviet territory • U-2 Incident • Francis Gary Powers shot down in May 1960-10 year sentence • more tension between superpowers • 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco emboldens Khrushchev: • 1961 Berlin Wall built: • 1962 Cuban Missile Crises: De-Stalinization and Eastern Europe • Discontent and expectation: • Poland--Wladyslaw Gomulka Hungary • Imre Nagy • October 1956 Leonid Brezhnev • Khrushchev is out in 1964 • Brezhnev as General Secretary 1964-1982 • “Developed Socialism” • Foreign policy and Detente • President Nixon • SALT talks Czechoslovakia • 1968--Alexander Dubcek • Prague Spring • Brezhnev Doctrine Soviet economy and society • Cadre privileges: • welfare state: • black market economy: • Soviet standard of living: Dissidents (vocal critics of the government) • Alexander Solzhenitsyn--1970 Nobel prize for literature--The Gulag Archipelago • Andrei Sakharov • father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb • 1950-1968 lived in Arzamas-16 • 1961 passed a note to Khrushchev • 1968 essay--argued for detente • 1970 Committee for Human Rights • Nobel peace prize in 1975 • 1979 denounced invasion of Afghanistan Great Britain • Labour Party--Clement Attlee • Parliamentary socialism--modern welfare state • “full employment in a free society” • “from the cradle to the grave” • higher taxes: • 1960’s inflation led to strikes • Northern Ireland problems: France • end of Third Republic (1940) • after WWII the left emerged • the right was associated with Vichy government--collaborators purged-Marshal Petain show trial • Fourth Republic (Charles de Gaulle) • brought down by colonial wars-Algeria • Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth Republic--1958 • 1962 independence for Algeria The Modern Welfare State • The insecurity from WWII and the post war era led to protections for citizens as a priority • led to women’s liberation movement • wage differences between men and women--women received 2/3 mens salary-helped in post war recovery Women • Again women had to make room for the men after the war • except for U.S. baby boom Europe’s women had fewer children by choice • birth control pill introduced in 1960’s--women had control over reproduction (middle class only) • European nations encouraged higher births--policy called pronatalism Women and the welfare state • Great Britain--wanted women as mothers and at home • lower birth rate concerns--opposed equal pay--cradle to grave social welfare system--4 children desired • France--securite sociale • all women were equal to men-accepted women's role as worker • family allowances Women’s lib • 1960’s protests for civil rights, anti-war (Vietnam) and “ban the bomb” motivated women • women claimed equal pay and liberation from men • Simon de Beauvior The Second Sex (1949) • exposed the myths of being female • women were oppressed in a male dominated culture despite being half the population • not permitted to positions of authority, leadership, and power • bible for the women’s lib movement • From 1974-1994 women gained leadership positions • • 1974--government positions in Britain, Norway, France 1975--Margaret Thatcher becomes first to lead a British political party (1979-1991 is Prime Minister) • 1980--Portugal, Iceland, Norway first presidents and Prime Ministers • 1982--Sweden women ministers • 1993--Turkey gets a female prime minister (Tansu Ciller) • 1997--Tony Blair’s Labour Party includes 102 women Youth Culture • prosperity of 1950’s to 60’s allowed young to express themselves--idealistic youth • Cold War fears--the bomb • marketing targeted young as a group • trust no one over 30-generation gap • inflation of late 60’s-alienation--political action Social Protest Movements • 1964 Free Speech Movement--Berkeley became a world movement in 1968 • protests against: • Vietnam War as U.S. imperialism • university students demanding reforms in W. Germany, Italy, France • overcrowded universities • lack of jobs after degrees • repetitive life--metro (subway),boulot (mindless work), dodo (sleep) Religion in the Modern World • Secularism, science, communism influences • Islam challenges Christianity (postcolonial Africa) • efforts made to reconcile Christian Protestant sects (ecumenical movement) • tensions between modern religion and fundamentalism • evangelical Protestantism Second Vatican Council • One of the greatest historic phases (second part of the 20th c.) • 1959--Pope John XXIII (to 1963) • most innovative modern pope (encyclicals) • called on wealthy nations to share with poorer nations • appealed for peace and human rights • 1962 he convened the Second Vatican Council (completed by 1965 under Pope Paul VI) • first since 1870 and most important since Trent • reshaped modern Catholicism • Mass in vernacular instead of Latin • relaxed clothing for nuns and priests • greater role for the laity in religious practices • absolved the Jews for deicide • celibacy, no women priests and no birth control remained Western Culture • postmodern cultural world • dominated by United States • abstract expressionism (Jason Pollock) • Neo-expressionism (Anselm Kiefer) • existentialism→Jean-Paul Sartre • emphasis on freedom, choice, responsibility • influence of German occupation • movies, television, music Mass Sports • World Cup→most watched TV sport→ “hooligans” violence • Olympics and politics & nationalism • 1952 Soviets enter Olympics • medal winners from 1956-1988 • Cold War implications as the “war without weapons” • 1956 six nations withdraw to protest Hungarian uprising • Munich Olympics (1972)→Africans protest apartheid and Palestinian Black September group seize/kill 11 Israelis athletes • 1976→East German women dominate (Montreal Olympics)→steroid doping • 1980 US boycotts Moscow Olympics over Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • 1984 Soviets boycott Los Angeles Olympics in retaliation • daily metal counts, ritual & ceremony, national anthem of winning nation, parade of nations=politicization of games • original intent was friendly competition=international cooperation