Download “I need a few thousand dead”.

WWII & Cold War
1939
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Poland
the “Phony War”
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sitzkreig
Maginot Line vs
Siegfried Line
1940
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April--Denmark and Norway taken
May--BENELUX nations taken
June “Miracle of Dunkirk”/(Henri
Petain)
Charles de Gaulle
Vichy, France
collaborators or partisans
Festung Europa
quislings
Winston Churchill
Battle of Britain
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Summer of 1940-May 10,
1941
“The Blitz”--September
1940--focus on Britain’s
cities
Operation Sea Lion
Luftwaffe vs. RAF
October 1940 night raids
radar & Enigma
British resistance causes
Hitler to turn attention to
Eastern Europe and
Mediterranean Sea--Hitler
could be blocked
Mussolini
• Italy was neutral at start of war
• “I need a few thousand dead”.
• Joined Hitler’s forces in France.
• September 1940--troops moved east from
Libya
• goal--seize British Egypt and Suez Canal
as the key to the oil fields of the Middle
East
• Italian disaster--130,000 prisoners taken
by British
• Hitler sent in General Erwin Rommel--
1941
• Balkans became a key to
the later invasion of the
USSR--bases
• Bulgaria, Romania,
and Hungary joined
the Axis powers
• Yugoslavia and
Greece resists but fall
in April
• Lend-Lease Act
• August 9--Atlantic Charter
Soviet Union
• Operation Barbarossa begins June 22, 1941
• Leningrad surrounded by September 8
• Leningrad refused to surrender
• Hitler turned to Moscow instead from October to
December
• Soviets counter attack (General Zhukov)
• Hitler says “no retreat”--Germans dig in but
don’t take Moscow
The Jewish
Question
• 1935 Nuremburg Laws
• 1938 Kristallnacht
• 1938 refugee policies
• 1938 ghetto policy
• 1939 Slave labor
camps
• 1942
The Final
Solution
• Jewish resistance
Choices
• Collaboration
• working with the enemy--treason
• French fascists controlled Vichy, France
• Norwegian fascists led by Vidkun Quisling (PM)--a
“quisling” = traitor
• Resistance movement
• working against the enemy secretly--partisans
• activities:
USA
• Japan and the
Pacific:
• December 7, 1941
• Three theaters of
the war:
Turning Points
• January 1942 United Nations against the
Axis powers
• USA: Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway
• Soviet demands a second front
immediately
• North Africa: El Alamein
• Italy invasion: Sicily falls in 1943
• Stalingrad
Stalingra
d
• “Great Patriotic War”
• Lend-Lease act applied to Soviets
• “General Winter”
• Only 9000 German soldiers returned home out of
300,000
• Death toll:
D-Day
• June 6, 1944
• Normandy
• German responses
• attempted assassination of Hitler July
20
• December Battle of the Bulge
• VI rockets launched (Pinnemunde)
The War End
• April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide
• May 8 VE day
• August 6 Hiroshima
• August 9 Nagasaki--VJ Day
• Total dead at 60 million
• Nuremberg Trials--22 Nazi leaders charged
• “crimes against humanity”
• legal precedent: A soldier is morally and
legally responsible to defy the wartime
commands of a superior if those commands
involve the massacre of helpless civilians
Civilians
• More than 50% of war dead were civilians
(starvation, enslavement, massacre,
genocide)
• modern warfare included:
• terrorizing civilians: collective rape
• aerial bombing of cities: Dresden,
Rotterdam, Warsaw, Stalingrad,
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Deciding the Future of
• The Big ThreeEurope
• 1942-1945 meetings at Teheran, Yalta,
Potsdam
• coordinated attacks on Germany and
Japan and discussed postwar Europe and
Japan
• unconditional surrender
• Germany would be disarmed and
denazified and occupied by US, USSR,
Britain, France
The Cold War and
Postwar Economic
Recovery
1945-1970
Allied Conferences
• Atlantic Charter (1941)→
• Moscow (1942)→
• Casablanca (1943)→
• Teheran (1943)→
• Yalta (1945)→
• Potsdam (1945)→
A Cold War develops
• how to reconstruct Europe after the war
• A diplomatic hostility between the 2
superpowers (ideologies)
• use of spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and
secret operations against each other
• 1945-1991
• represented antagonisms and rivalries-geopolitics and ideology
• no direct military conflict--war of words and
indirect conflicts with proxy nations
• started at the end of WWII--Yalta
conference
The Iron Curtain
• Winston Churchill
(1874-1965)
• speech given in
Missouri in 1946
• “From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended
across the Continent.”
• Europe becomes a
pawn between the
Superpowers.
1946-1947
• “satellite” nations
• Containment--Harry Truman
• Greece & Turkey--Truman Doctrine
• European Recovery Act
• Marshall Plan
• Comintern
Crisis in Germany
• Germany divided
into 4 occupation
zones
• Berlin divided into 4
occupation zones
• Deutsche mark
• 1949 Berlin
blockade & airlift
• 1949--2 German
governments established
• Federal Republic of
Germany→Bonn→West
Germany
• Chancellor Konrad
Adenauer
• German Democratic
Republic→East
Berlin→East Germany
• Walter Ulbricht
Marshall
Plan
• European Recovery
Act→worst winters
on record→communist agitation
• proposal to give aid to any country that
needed it→Soviets called it U.S.
imperialism
• Congress approved the plan in 1948 just
as the Soviets seized Czechoslovakia
• $12.5 billion aid program by 1953
• biggest success in West Germany
(&Yugoslavia)--”economic miracle”-Wirtschaftswunder--became leading
industrial nation
• widened the gap between east and west
New Alliances
• 1949 Atlantic Pact becomes NATO
• 1950 Warsaw Pact
• 1955 SEATO
• Charles de Gaulle challenges NATO
Hots spots in the Cold
War
• 1950 Korean
War
• domino theory
• U.S. takes
France’s place in
Vietnam in 1954
• Middle East
• Latin America
• Africa-decolonization-Third World
Arms Race
• July 16, 1945--atomic bomb (A-bomb)-Manhattan Project--White Sands, New
Mexico (splitting the atom)
• August 6, 1945--Hiroshima--73,000 dead
• 1949--Soviets--A-bomb
• 1953--Hydrogen bomb (USA & USSR)-thermonuclear weapon (fusion of the
atom)
• “nuclear club” members
• ICBM’s
• new vocabulary
• brinkmanship
• goals of new
weapons
• respond to
any attack
with
devastating
force
• discourage
attacks
Sputnik
• October 4, 1957-first satellite into
space
• results-• Nikita Khrushchev
boast--
Post Stalin
Era
• Stalin dies in 1953
• De-Stalinization
process:
• Nikita Khrushchev
• 1956 secret
speech
• “peaceful
coexistence” with
the West
1960’s
• President Eisenhower
suggest a “open skies” policy
to reduce tension in the air
• Soviet Union rejects this
• CIA authorizes secret highaltitude spy planes over
Soviet territory
• U-2 Incident
• Francis Gary Powers
shot down in May 1960-10 year sentence
• more tension between
superpowers
• 1961 Bay of Pigs
fiasco emboldens
Khrushchev:
• 1961 Berlin Wall built:
• 1962 Cuban Missile
Crises:
De-Stalinization and
Eastern Europe
• Discontent and expectation:
• Poland--Wladyslaw Gomulka
Hungary
• Imre Nagy
• October 1956
Leonid Brezhnev
• Khrushchev is out in
1964
• Brezhnev as General
Secretary 1964-1982
• “Developed Socialism”
• Foreign policy and
Detente
• President Nixon
• SALT talks
Czechoslovakia
• 1968--Alexander Dubcek
• Prague Spring
• Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet economy and
society
• Cadre privileges:
• welfare state:
• black market economy:
• Soviet standard of living:
Dissidents
(vocal critics of the government)
• Alexander Solzhenitsyn--1970 Nobel prize for
literature--The Gulag Archipelago
• Andrei Sakharov
• father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb
• 1950-1968 lived in Arzamas-16
• 1961 passed a note to Khrushchev
• 1968 essay--argued for detente
• 1970 Committee for Human Rights
• Nobel peace prize in 1975
• 1979 denounced invasion of Afghanistan
Great Britain
• Labour Party--Clement Attlee
• Parliamentary socialism--modern welfare
state
• “full employment in a free society”
• “from the cradle to the grave”
• higher taxes:
• 1960’s inflation led to strikes
• Northern Ireland problems:
France
• end of Third Republic (1940)
• after WWII the left emerged
• the right was associated with Vichy
government--collaborators purged-Marshal Petain show trial
• Fourth Republic (Charles de Gaulle)
• brought down by colonial wars-Algeria
• Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth
Republic--1958
• 1962 independence for Algeria
The Modern Welfare
State
• The insecurity from WWII and the post war
era led to protections for citizens as a
priority
• led to women’s liberation movement
• wage differences between men and
women--women received 2/3 mens salary-helped in post war recovery
Women
• Again women had to make
room for the men after the war
• except for U.S. baby boom
Europe’s women had fewer
children by choice
• birth control pill introduced in
1960’s--women had control
over reproduction (middle
class only)
• European nations encouraged
higher births--policy called
pronatalism
Women and the welfare
state
• Great Britain--wanted women as mothers
and at home
• lower birth rate concerns--opposed
equal pay--cradle to grave social
welfare system--4 children desired
• France--securite sociale
• all women were equal to men-accepted women's role as worker
• family allowances
Women’s
lib
• 1960’s protests for civil rights, anti-war
(Vietnam) and “ban the bomb” motivated
women
• women claimed equal pay and liberation
from men
• Simon de Beauvior
The Second Sex
(1949)
• exposed the myths of being female
• women were oppressed in a male
dominated culture despite being half
the population
• not permitted to positions of authority,
leadership, and power
• bible for the women’s lib movement
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From 1974-1994 women gained leadership positions
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1974--government positions in Britain, Norway, France
1975--Margaret Thatcher becomes first to lead a British political party
(1979-1991 is Prime Minister)
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1980--Portugal, Iceland, Norway first presidents and Prime Ministers
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1982--Sweden women ministers
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1993--Turkey gets a female prime minister (Tansu Ciller)
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1997--Tony Blair’s Labour Party includes 102 women
Youth Culture
• prosperity of 1950’s to 60’s
allowed young to express
themselves--idealistic
youth
• Cold War fears--the
bomb
• marketing targeted
young as a group
• trust no one over 30-generation gap
• inflation of late 60’s-alienation--political
action
Social Protest
Movements
• 1964 Free Speech Movement--Berkeley became a
world movement in 1968
• protests against:
• Vietnam War as U.S. imperialism
• university students demanding reforms in
W. Germany, Italy, France
• overcrowded universities
• lack of jobs after degrees
• repetitive life--metro (subway),boulot
(mindless work), dodo (sleep)
Religion in the Modern World
• Secularism, science, communism
influences
• Islam challenges Christianity (postcolonial
Africa)
• efforts made to reconcile Christian
Protestant sects (ecumenical movement)
• tensions between modern religion and
fundamentalism
• evangelical Protestantism
Second Vatican
Council
• One of the greatest historic
phases (second part of the
20th c.)
• 1959--Pope John XXIII (to
1963)
• most innovative modern
pope (encyclicals)
• called on wealthy nations to
share with poorer nations
• appealed for peace and
human rights
• 1962 he convened the Second Vatican Council
(completed by 1965 under Pope Paul VI)
• first since 1870 and most important since Trent
• reshaped modern Catholicism
• Mass in vernacular instead of Latin
• relaxed clothing for nuns and priests
• greater role for the laity in religious practices
• absolved the Jews for deicide
• celibacy, no women priests and no birth control
remained
Western Culture
• postmodern cultural world
• dominated by United States
• abstract expressionism (Jason Pollock)
• Neo-expressionism (Anselm Kiefer)
• existentialism→Jean-Paul Sartre
• emphasis on freedom, choice,
responsibility
• influence of German occupation
• movies, television, music
Mass Sports
• World Cup→most watched TV sport→ “hooligans”
violence
• Olympics and politics & nationalism
• 1952 Soviets enter Olympics
• medal winners from 1956-1988
• Cold War implications as the “war without
weapons”
• 1956 six nations withdraw to protest Hungarian
uprising
• Munich Olympics (1972)→Africans protest
apartheid and Palestinian Black September group
seize/kill 11 Israelis athletes
• 1976→East German women dominate
(Montreal Olympics)→steroid doping
• 1980 US boycotts Moscow Olympics over
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• 1984 Soviets boycott Los Angeles
Olympics in retaliation
• daily metal counts, ritual & ceremony,
national anthem of winning nation, parade
of nations=politicization of games
• original intent was friendly
competition=international cooperation