Download Respiratory System

22
The Respiratory
System
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Leslie Hendon
University of Alabama, Birmingham
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
I. The Respiratory System
A. Basic functions of the respiratory system
1. supplies body with oxygen
2. disposes of carbon dioxide
B. Four processes involved in respiration
► Pulmonary ventilation – move air in and out
► External respiration – transport of gases in lungs
► Transport of respiratory gases – movement through blood
► Internal respiration – transport of gases in tissues
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II. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
A. Respiratory organs
1. Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
2. Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
3. Bronchi and smaller branches
4. Lungs and alveoli
B. Conducting zone
1. respiratory passageways that convey air
2. filter, humidify, and warm incoming air
C. Respiratory zone
1. site of gas exchange in the lungs
2. includes structures that have alveoli
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of
trachea
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Bronchi
Alveoli
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
Parietal
pleura
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Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Bronchi
Alveoli
Left lung
Diaphragm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Bronchi
Alveoli
Left lung
Diaphragm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
III. The Nose
A. Functions
► Provides an airway for respiration
► Moistens and warms air
► Filters inhaled air
► Resonating chamber for speech
► Houses olfactory receptors
B. Size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages
C. Skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
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Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Root and bridge
of nose
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Naris (nostril)
Philtrum
Surface anatomy
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Septal cartilage
Maxillary bone
(frontal process)
Lateral process of
septal cartilage
Minor alar cartilages
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Major alar
cartilages
External skeletal framework
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Nasal vestibule
Uvula
Nostril
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Hard palate
Soft palate
Isthmus of the
fauces
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Larynx
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Thyroid gland
Illustration
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Hyoid bone
IV. The Nasal Cavity
A. External nares – the nostrils
B. Divided by nasal septum
C. Continuous with nasopharynx
D. Olfactory mucosa
1. Near roof of nasal cavity
2. Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
E. Respiratory mucosa
1. Lines nasal cavity
2. Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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F. The Nasal Conchae
1. project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
2. superior and middle nasal conchae - part of the ethmoid bone
3. inferior nasal conchae - separate bone
► particulate matter - deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
► during inhalation - filter, heat, and moisten incoming air
► during exhalation - moisture and heat are reclaimed
G. The Nasal Meatuses – passageway of air through conchae
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Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Uvula
Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Illustration
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Hyoid bone
VI. Paranasal Sinuses
A. Sinuses open into nasal cavity
B. Paranasal sinuses are located within:
► frontal sinus in the frontal bone
► maxillary sinuses in the maxillary bones
► sphenoid sinus in the sphenoid bone
► ethmoid sinus in the ethmoid bone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Uvula
Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Illustration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hyoid bone
VII. The Pharynx
A. Funnel-shaped passageway
B. Connects nasal cavity and mouth
C. Divided into three sections by location
► nasopharynx
► oropharynx
► aryngopharynx
D. The tonsils – lymphatic tissue
► pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
► palatine tonsil
► linguil tonsil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Illustration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Uvula
Nostril
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Illustration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Larynx
Hyoid bone
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle,
and inferior
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Larynx
Illustration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hyoid bone
Illustration
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VIII. The Nasopharynx
A. Superior to the point where food enters
B. Only an air passageway
C. Closed off during swallowing
D. Uvula (tiny “punching bag”) reflects superiorly
E. Is continuous with nasal cavity
F. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
1. located on posterior wall
2. Destroys entering pathogens
G. Opening to the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)
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IX. The Oropharynx
A. Archlike entranceway – fauces (arch in back of mouth)
1. Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
B. Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx
1. Palatine tonsils—in the lateral walls of the fauces
2. Lingual tonsils—cover the posterior surface of the tongue
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X. The Laryngopharynx
A. Passageway for both food and air
B. Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
C. Extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage
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XI. The Larynx
A. Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
1. opens into laryngopharynx
B. Routes air and food into the proper channels
► voice production
► provides an open airway
► closed during swallowing
► open during breathing
C. Sphincter function of the larynx - Valsalva’s maneuver—straining
D. Framework is arrangement of nine cartilages
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E. 9 sements of cartilage
1. unpaired - thyroid, epiglottic, cricoid
2. paired - arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
a. thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
b. epiglottis - covers larynx to route food
i.
glottis - vocal folds (cords) for sound
c. cricoid cartilage - attaches larynx to trachea
d. arytenoid cartilage - attached to vocal folds
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F. Voice Production
1. ventricular folds (false cords)
a. hold breath against thoracic air pressure
b. vocal cords (true cords)
i. vibrate to produce different frequencies
2. pharynx, mouth, sinuses, nose, tongue, lips
i. modify the sound
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Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal
cartilages
Anterior view
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Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cuneiform cartilage
Fatty pad
Corniculate cartilage
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid muscle
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal cartilages
Sagittal section (anterior on the right)
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Body of hyoid bone
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Sternal head
Clavicular head
Clavicle
Jugular notch
Surface view
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Sternocleidomastoid
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Corniculate cartilage
Thyroid
cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Glottis
Tracheal cartilages
Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx,
posterior view
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Vocal ligaments
of vocal cords
Glottis
Lateral
cricoarytenoid muscle
Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Posterior
cricoarytenoid muscle
Posterior
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
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Vocal folds in open position; open glottis
XII. The Trachea
A. Descends into the mediastinum
B. C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
C. Carina - marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
D. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated eipthelium
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Posterior
Mucosa
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Esophagus
Submucosa
Trachealis
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Lumen of
trachea
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
Cross section of the trachea
and esophagus
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Photomicrograph of the tracheal
wall (320)
Scanning electron micrograph of cilia in the trachea (2500)
XIII. Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
A. Bronchial tree
► Primary bronchi (main)
► Secondary bronchi (lobar) [2 on right; 3 on left]
► Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
► Bronchioles (less than 1 mm in diameter
► Terminal bronchioles (less than 0.5 mm in diameter)
B. Epithelium changes:
1. initially is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2. replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium
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D. Smooth muscle becomes important
1. airways widens with sympathetic stimulation
2. airways constricts under parasympathetic direction
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Superior lobe
of right lung
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Lobar
(secondary)
bronchus
Segmental
(tertiary)
bronchus
Inferior lobe
of left lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Middle lobe
of right lung
The branching of the bronchial tree
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XIV. The Respiratory Zone
A. Consists of air-exchanging structures
B. Respiratory bronchioles
1. gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent
2. branch from terminal bronchioles
► lead to alveolar ducts
► lead to alveolar sacs
C. Alveoli
1. about 400 million alveoli - huge surface area for gas exchange
2. Surface area = 1500 square feet (~140 square meters)
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Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
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Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
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Alveolar
pores
XV. Alveoli
A. Structure of alveoli
1. type I alveolar cells
a. single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
2. Respiratory membrane - alveolar and capillary walls
3. type II alveolar cells
a. are scattered among type I alveolar cells
b. are cuboidal epithelial cells
c. secrete surfactant - reduces surface tension within alveoli
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B. Alveolar macrophages
1. remove tiniest inhaled particles
2. migrate into bronchi
a. ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx
C. Features of alveoli
1. surrounded by elastic fibers
2. interconnect by way of alveolar pores
3. internal surface – site for movement of alveolar macrophages
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Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
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Scanning electron micrograph of pulmonary capillary casts.
Tissue forming the alveoli has been removed, leaving only the
capillary network (300).
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Red blood
cell
Nucleus of type I
alveolar cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
Capillary
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Endothelial cell nucleus
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Respiratory
membrane
Fused basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium
and the capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
Alveoli (gas-filled
air spaces)
Red blood cell
in capillary
Type II alveolar cell
Type I
(surfactant-secreting) alveolar cell
Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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Alveolar changes in emphysema
SEM of alveoli
from a normal
lung (25)
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SEM of alveoli
from the lung of a
patient with
emphysema (25)
XVI. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
A. Major landmarks of the lungs
1. Apex - superior tip of lung
2. Base - concave inferior surface
3. Hilum - indentation on mediastinal surface
a. location where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter
and exit the lung
4. Root - structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum
a. blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
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B. Left lung
1. superior and inferior lobes
2. 1 fissure - oblique
3. cardiac notch - the depression that accommodates the heart
C. Right lung
1. Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
2. 2 fissures - oblique and horizontal
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superior lobe
Superior lobe
Oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
Horizntal fissure
Inferior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Right lung
Left lung
Distribution of bronchiopulmonary segments on lateral surface of lungs
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Intercostal muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Lung
Visceral pleura
Trachea
Thymus
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Right middle lobe
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
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Cardiac notch
Apex of lung
Pulmonary
artery
Left
superior lobe
Left main
bronchus
Oblique
fissure
Pulmonary
vein
Left inferior
lobe
Impression
of heart
Hilum
Oblique
fissure
Aortic
impression
Lobules
Photograph of medial view of the left lung
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XVII. Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
A. Pulmonary arteries - deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
B. Pulmonary veins - carry oxygenated blood to the heart
C. Parasympathetic - constrict airways
D. Sympathetic - dilate airways
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Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Vertebra
Posterior
Root of lung
at hilum
Left main bronchus
Right lung
Parietal pleura
T6
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary vein
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pericardial
membranes
Pulmonary trunk
Sternum
Anterior mediastinum
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior
Transverse section through the thorax at level of T6, viewed from above.
Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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XVIII. The Pleurae
A. A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
1. parietal pleura (wall)
2. visceral pleura (surface – “viscera” = organ)
B. Pleural cavity - space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
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