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Chinese History from 1840 to 1911 Wanli Hu The China Program Center University College Contents 1. Dynastic Cycle 2. Challenge from the West 3. Challenge & Reaction 4. Collapse of the Qing Dynasty 1-1. The Dynastic Cycle 1-2. China’s Share of World GDP China’s Territory in 1820 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_1820.png#file 2. Challenge from the West • • • • • • • • Lord George Macartney meets Emperor Qianlong Military defeats Territorial loss Economic consequence Social disturbances Diplomatic submission Political changes Cultural attitude 2-1. Emperor Qianlong met Lord George Macartney in 1793 Macartney’s Mission: Asked for free trade and open cities as trading ports • Qianlong’s reply: “We possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures.” “It behooves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for your country thereafter.” 2-2. Military Defeats • The First Opium War from 1839-1842 • A great change in more than three thousand years of history” – Li Hongzhang • • • • • – Lin Zexu, Imperial Commissioner – The Nanking Treaty The Second Opium War from 1856-1860 The Sino-French War from 1883-85 The Sino-Japan War from 1894-95 China vs. Eight Powers in 1900 The Sino-Japanese War from 1931-1945 2-3. Foreign Powers in China Queen Victoria , Nicholas II, William II, Marianne and Meiji Emperor http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_imperialism_carto on.jpg 2-4. Territorial Loss • • • • • • • Hong Kong Macao Taiwan Korean Vietnam Northeast Mongolia 2-5. Domestic Rebellions 2-6. Self-sufficient Economy Disintegrated 2-7 Political Power Transferred to Han Gentry from Manchu 2-8 Diplomatic Submission – Extraterritoriality – Custom House controlled by Robert Hart 2-9 Cultural Attitude Transferred from Superiority to Self-depreciation 3. Challenge and Reaction 3-1. The Self-strengthening Movement from 1861-95 • • • • Weaponry Military Industry Increase national wealth through industrialization “Learn superior barbarian technique with which to repel the barbarians”- Wei Yuan Key persons: • Zeng Guofan • Li Hongzhang • Zhang Zidong 3-2. Political Institutional Transformation • Political Reform : 100-Day Reform “The New Deal” - to transfer an absolute monarch to a constitutional monarch – Empress Dowager Ci Xi vs. Emperor Guangxu • Sun Yah-sen’s Revolution in 1911 • Collapse of the Qing Dynasty • The Republic of China in 1912 Thank you! Questions?