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Psychosocial Development In
Adolescence
Chapter 17
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Guideposts for Study
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1. How do adolescents form an identity?
2. What determines sexual orientation?
3. What sexual practices are common
among adolescents, and what leads some to
engage in risky sexual behavior?
4. How common is teenage pregnancy, and
what are its usual outcomes?
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Guideposts for Study
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5. How typical is "adolescent rebellion"?
6. How do adolescents relate to
parents, siblings, and peers?
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Guideposts for Study
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7 What are the root causes of
antisocial behavior and juvenile
delinquency, and what can be done to
reduce these and other risks of
adolescence?
8 How does adolescence vary across
cultures, and what are some common
psychosocial features?
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The Search For Identity
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Erikson: Identity Versus Identity Confusion
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A teenager's effort to make sense of the
self is not "a kind of maturational
malaise." It is:
part of a healthy, vital process that builds
on the achievements of earlier stages
(trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry)
lays the groundwork for coping with the
crises of adult life
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The Search For Identity
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Erikson: Identity Versus Identity Confusion
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Cliquishness and intolerance of
differences---both hallmarks of the
adolescent social scene---are defenses
against identity confusion
A man needs a a stable identity before
reaching intimacy, whereas women
define themselves through marriage and
motherhood (may be different now)
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The Search For Identity
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Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis And
Commitment: Presence or Absence
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Four types of identity status:
 identity achievement=crisiscommitment
 Foreclosure=commitment without crisis
 Moratorium=crisis with no commitment
yet
 identity diffusion=no commitment nor
crisis .
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Which of Marcia’s identity statuses do you
think you fit into as an adolescent? Has
your identity status changed since then? If
so, how?
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The Search For Identity
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Gender Differences In Identity Formation
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For women, identity and intimacy develop
together
In males, self-esteem seems to be linked
with striving for individual achievement
Studies (early 1990s) found that girls'
self-confidence and self-esteem stay
fairly high until age 11 or 12 and then
tend to falter
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The Search For Identity
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Ethnic Factors In Identity Formation
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For some adolescents ethnicity may be
central to identity formation
Many minority youth feel conflicts
between values stressed at home and
those dominant in the wider society
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The Search For Identity
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Elkind: The Patchwork Self
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Two paths to identity:
 differentiation and integration: becoming
aware of one’s uniqueness, and then
integrating these distinctive parts of oneself
into a unified, unique whole
 substitution: replacing childlike set of ideas
and feelings about the self by simply
adopting other people's attitudes, beliefs,
and commitments as one's own
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Sexuality
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Sexual Orientation
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According to one theory, sexual
orientation may be influenced by a
complex prenatal process involving both
hormonal and neurological factors
Sexual orientation appears to be
influenced by an interaction of biological
and environmental factors and may be at
least partly genetic
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Sexuality
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Sexual Attraction
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In women, sexual identity is not firmly
established at an early age
Latino youths reported earlier awareness
of same-sex attractions than other
groups
Sexual Attitudes And Behavior
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U.S. teens remain more sexually
precocious than those in other
industrialized countries, according to a
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Sexuality
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Sexual Risk Taking
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Sexual behaviors are more liberal than in the
past
Teenage sexual activity involves risks of
pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease
Adolescents at greatest risk are those who
begin sexual activity early, have multiple
partners, do not use contraceptives, and are
ill-informed about sex
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Sexuality
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Teenage Pregnancy And Childbearing
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Teenage pregnancy and childbearing often
have negative outcomes
 teenage mothers and their families tend to
suffer ill health and financial hardship
 children often suffer from ineffective
parenting
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Can you…
Summarize trends in teenage pregnancy and
birthrates?
Discuss problems and outcomes of teenage
pregnancy?
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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Is Adolescent Rebellion A Myth
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Full-scale adolescent rebellion is unusual
Although adolescents may defy parental
authority with some regularity, it does not
major family conflict or a sharp break with
parental or societal standards
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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How Adolescents Spend Their Time—And
With Whom
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Adolescents spend an increasing amount of
time with peers, but relationships with parents
continue to be close and influential
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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Adolescents And Parents
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Authoritative parenting is associated with
the most positive outcomes
Parents want their children to be
independent, yet they find it hard to let go
Regardless of ethnicity, family discord
hinges primarily on adolescents'
personalities and their parents' treatment
of them
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What kinds of issues caused the most
conflict in your family when you were a
teenager, and how were they resolved? If
you had lived with both parents, were your
conflicts more with one parent than with
the other? Did your mother and father
handle such issues similarly or differently?
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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Adolescents and Siblings
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Relationships with siblings tend to
become more equal and more distant
during adolescence
Adolescents show intimacy, affection,
and admiration for their brothers and
sisters
Younger siblings look up to older ones
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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Peers And Friends
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The peer group is:
 a source of affection, sympathy,
understanding, and moral guidance
 a place for experimentation
 a setting for achieving autonomy and
independence from parents
 a place tointimate relationships
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Relationships With Family,
Peers, And Adult Society
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Antisocial Behavior And Juvenile
Delinquency
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Chronic delinquency is associated with
multiple interacting risk factors, including
ineffective parenting, school failure, peer
influence, and low socioeconomic status
Parents of chronic delinquents fail to
reinforce good behavior, were harsh
and/or inconsistent in punishing
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Can you…
Identify cross-cultural commonalities and
differences in adolescents’ self-image,
attitudes, and personalities?
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