Download Industrial Revolution - Harrison High School

Industrial Revolution
Background
• Change in manufacturing
methods 18th C
– From wind/water to coal/steam
– From work by hand to machine
– From home/cottage to factory
• Old (1st) – 1750-1870
– first factories, steam, expansion
of output of coal, iron
Background
• New (2nd) – 1870 – ongoing –
– new sources of power - electricity,
petroleum, atomic
– use of science in industry to create
artificial (synthetic) products –
nylon, plastics
– better transportation &
communication
Background
• Renaissance spirit
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life in this world
material comforts
scientific approach
Enlightenment – intellectual
revolution
• Commercial Revolution
– European expansion - new
markets, vast demand for goods
Begins in England
• New agricultural methods:
– Increased food, population growth
– People could afford mfg. goods
• Prosperous colonial nation – colonies
provided raw materials and markets
• Had skilled craftsmen, wealthy
capitalists, large # of workers
• Had natural resources – coal, iron
ore, good harbors
Improvements in
Textiles
• John Kay – flying shuttle – sped up
weaving by loom
• James Hargreaves – spinning jenny –
spun 8 threads at one time
• Richard Arkwright – water frame –
used water power for spinning
• Edmund Cartwright – power loom –
used water power for weaving
• Eli Whitney (American) – cotton gin &
interchangeable parts
New Sources of Power
• Steam Power (used coal – no
longer had to live near water)
• James Watt constructed
efficient steam engine
• Robert Fulton – Steamboat
“Clermont”
• George Stephenson – Steam
locomotive “Rocket” 29 mph!
Stephenson’s Rocket
Power cont.
• Coal – to change water to steam
• Iron & Steel – Henry Bessemer
developed method to refine iron
into steel (stronger)
• Electricity – Michael Faraday
created electric current
• Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse
(US)
Other Advances
• Telephone – Alexander Graham
Bell (US)
• Electric Light Bulb – Thomas
Edison (US); phonograph
• Marconi – first radio
• Television – Vladimir Zworkin
(US)
Telegraph
Telephone
Other Advances
• Petroleum – Edwin Drake (1859) first
oil well
• Automobile – Gottlieb Daimler –
practical combustion engine (gas)
• Henry Ford – mass production,
assembly line, Model T
• Leads to new industries: oil,
rubber, glass, steel, aluminum; gas
stations, garages, parking lots,
motels, highways
Other Advances
• Louis Pasteur – germ theory; heated
milk to kill bacteria; pasteurization
• Joseph Lister – antiseptics in
hospitals, surgery
• Mendel – science of genetics
• Marie and Pierre Curie – discovered
radioactivity (radium)
• Freud – father of psychoanalysis
Model T 1908
Model T 1915
Model T 1925
Other Advances
• Airplane – 1903 Wilbur and
Orville Wright flew for less than
one minute
• Diesel – Rudolf Diesel – less
expensive than gasoline
• Later natural gas, solar, atomic
Social Impact
• Rapid growth of cities
• Deplorable, crowded filthy conditions
in the cities
• Rise of industrial middle class
(bourgeoisie)
• Included professionals & factory
owners; craftsmen
• Laissez faire economics –
government stays out of business
(Adam Smith)
Working Class
• 12-16 hour work days; 6 days per
week
• No minimum wage, job security
• Dangerous machinery, cold, dirty
• Coal mines particularly dangerous
• Women and children worked – could
pay them less
• Factory conditions – dirty, dangerous
• No protection, minimum wage
Some overall effects IR
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Factory system
Mass production
Assembly line
Capitalism based on laissez faire
Rise of middle class/working class
New products, inventions
Higher standard of living; pop.
Reaction & Reforms
• Children suffered abuse, injuries
• Loss of childhood, education
• Factory Act 1833 – set 9 as the
minimum age for children; 8
hour days (9-13), 12 hour days
(13-18)
• Led to men becoming main
wage earners
Socialism
• Utopian Socialists – believed in
equality; replace competition with
cooperation
• Robert Owen – New Lanark
(Scotland), New Harmony (Indiana) ;
failed
• Socialism – The Communist
Manifesto, by Karl Marx & Friedrich
Engels
Socialism cont.
• Saw capitalism as the cause of
horrible factory conditions
• Class struggle between oppressor
and oppressed (owners vs. workers)
• Bourgeoisie (middle class) vs.
proletariat (working class)
• Saw factory owners as the
oppressors
Socialism cont.
• Ultimate goal was a classless
society
• Socialist groups grew
• Beginnings of labor unions
demanding better working
conditions in factories